Uridine Monophosphate increases intelligence

Uridine Monophosphate

David Tomen
Author:
David Tomen
14 minute read
Uridine Monophosphate has been shown to increase neuron and synapse density, dopamine and acetylcholine release, boost learning and memory, and decrease depression

Uridine Monophosphate (UMP or 5′-uridylic acid) is a pyrimidine nucleoside found in all living organisms ranging from humans to bacteria.

Uridine is one of 4 repeating units that make up RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). RNA and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are the main information carrying molecules in each of your cells. Uridine is so important to brain development that it is included in human baby formulas.[i]

Uridine is essential for optimized cognition and memory throughout your life. When taken as a nootropic supplement, Uridine Monophosphate easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.[ii] UMP has much better bioavailability than dietary sources of uridine.

CDP-Choline levels are increased once uridine reaches your brain. CDP-Choline is required for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC in turn is a precursor of the essential neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Increased levels of PC and acetylcholine improves cognitive function.

Uridine is also a major building block for the synthesis of neurons and synapses. And uridine enhances the growth of neurites, which are projections from neurons that facilitate connections with other neurons.[iii]

Uridine Monophosphate helps:

  • Mood. Uridine helps boost the release of dopamine in your brain. Leading to better mood, alertness and cognition.
  • Neurotransmitters. Uridine is a precursor to the synthesis of acetylcholine.[iv] And boosts the release of dopamine in the brain.
  • Neuroprotectant. Uridine is a precursor to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). A phospholipid that is a primary component of healthy cell membranes. Uridine also enhances neurite and synapse growth.

Overview

Uridine Monophosphate (UMP or 5′-uridylic acid) is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is one of 4 components that make up RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA is a molecular cousin of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).  DNA are the memory bank for all living organisms.

Uridine-Monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate

RNA works as a messenger molecule, carrying the blueprint provided by DNA to tiny cellular factories called ribosomes. Ribosomes are in charge of protein synthesis and use the blueprint sent over from DNA by RNA to produce the right protein for the job required.

The bottom line is that without uridine to make up RNA, DNA couldn’t get the info out for proteins to be synthesized. And life as we know it would cease to exist.

Our bodies create some uridine. And we get uridine from the RNA of foods we eat including beets, beer, broccoli, fish, mushrooms, oats, parsley, sugar cane, tomatoes, and brewer’s yeast. Beer provides some of the highest uridine content of all the foods tested.

The problem is most of the uridine we get from food never makes it from our digestive system to our brain. So we need to supplement with uridine monophosphate (UMP) to experience the benefits of uridine.

Uridine does much more than merely act as a building block of RNA. Uridine acts in the formation of neurotransmitters, and the creation of new synapses.

Adding uridine monophosphate to your nootropic stack can help improve alertness, focus, memory, learning ability and mood.

Researchers have found that Uridine Monophosphate alone can improve memory.  But stacking UMP with DHA (Omega-3) and choline works in synergy, increasing the number of synapses. Resulting in improved cognition.[v]

Uridine-Monophosphate-improves-memory

How does Uridine Monophosphate work in the Brain?

Uridine Monophosphate boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.

  1. Uridine improves memory. Uridine helps boost learning and memory in several ways. Uridine helps the growth of new synapses in your brain, increases signaling between neurons, and assists in the formation of acetylcholine (ACh).

Memory is largely dependent on neuroplasticity which is associated with the ability to learn and form memories. This process of turning experiences into memories relies on the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis), new synapses (synaptogenesis), dendrite formation, and network reorganization.

New neurons (neurogenesis) are encased in a phospholipid layer made up partly of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC is made from CDP-Choline which is produced with the help of uridine.[vi] Supplementing with uridine gives your brain the ability to create more phospholipids by providing an abundance of CDP-Choline. Resulting in new and stronger neurons.

Uridine is a precursor to the formation of CDP-Choline which is a precursor to the formation phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC separates into choline and sphingomyelin in your brain. Choline is then available to form acetylcholine (ACh). Optimal ACh levels is crucial for cognitive performance.[vii]

Uridine also helps increase synapse formation (synaptogenesis) by enhancing neurite growth. Uridine signals this outgrowth by activating the P2Y2 receptor which controls neuron differentiation and synaptic protein synthesis.[viii]

  1. Uridine impacts mood. Uridine stimulates the release of the ‘feel-good’ neurotransmitter dopamine in your brain.

Phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) are required for cellular growth and repair, and specifically for synaptic function. PC synthesis is controlled by levels of its precursor CDP-Choline which is produced from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and phosphocholine.

Researchers found that supplementing with uridine monophosphate boosted levels of CDP-Choline. By promoting the synthesis of uridine triphosphate (UTP), which was partly converted to CTP.

Uridine also enhanced neurite outgrowth with the help of nerve growth factor (NGF). The research team found that dopamine release correlated with neurite outgrowth influenced by UMP.[ix]

Increased levels of dopamine has a significant affect on mood, learning and attention.

How things go bad

Uridine levels decline as we age. And if you were not breast-fed as a baby, you started life at a deficit. Breast milk provides the uridine required for optimal brain growth.Uridine-Monophosphate-enhances-synapse-growth

↓ Cognition, memory, recall, reaction time and mood diminish

↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate

↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline

↓ Neurons and synapses decline

All of these changes in brain energy metabolism are contributing factors to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, epilepsy, and dementia.

But even if you’re not concerned with age-related cognitive decline, or the effects of aging, Uridine Monophosphate can help.

Uridine Monophosphate benefits

Uridine plays a critical role in the pyrimidine metabolism in your brain.[x] In the simplest terms, uridine monophosphate promotes neuron and synapse growth and DNA repair.[xi]

Benefits reported by neurohackers include; uplifting and stabilizing mood, reducing stress and OCD symptoms, a reduction in anxiety, and modulating and normalizing dopamine release.

Adding uridine monophosphate to your nootropic stack helps:

  • Reduce general cognitive decline
  • Increase free phosphatidylcholine (PC)
  • Increase acetylcholine in your brain
  • Increase receptor (neurogenesis), and synapse (synaptogenesis) densities
  • Improve cellular phospholipid membrane health
  • Boost learning and memory

 How does Uridine Monophosphate feel?

Neurohackers report the effects of uridine monophosphate (UMP) supplementation is most pronounced when stacked with DHA or Omega-3’s.Uridine Monophosphate improves mood

UMP elevates mood and relieves depression. Feelings of “well-being’ are enhanced. And verbal fluidity, memory and focus are all noticed at doses as low as 150 mg of UMP.

Those dealing with ADHD report that uridine monophosphate increases cognition without causing anxiety or mood changes. This is backed up by science that shows uridine reduces the side effects associated with medication that effects dopamine and GABA neurotransmission.[xii]

Others report that uridine monophosphate helps bring clarity of thought, resolving problems is faster and easier, math is easier, and making decisions from a clear emotional state simplifies life.

The common thread through most reviews on uridine monophosphate is greater success when stacking UMP with a choline like Alpha GPC and Omega-3’s. This synergy is backed up by multiple clinical trials.

Uridine-Monophosphate-increases-acetylcholineJPG

Uridine Monophosphate Clinical Research

We have plenty of research on uridine monophosphate. But most of the studies and trials have been done using animals. Likely because uridine is naturally found in every cell of the human body. It’s a key element in a chain of four molecules that make up the RNA chain.

And since uridine is a natural element, it cannot be patented. So very little money can be made by the large pharmaceutical companies since UMP can’t be sold as a “drug”.

The clinical evidence that we do have for uridine monophosphate strongly suggests that it is a powerful and useful nootropic.

Uridine Monophosphate Boosts Intelligence

Consumption of certain nutrients can influence brain function even if you’re not trying to “fix a problem”. We know that supplemental DHA (Omega-3) can improve cognition in humans. DHA makes up 60% of your brain and is most prominent in the phospholipid membrane of each of your brain cells.

Adding DHA to your nootropic stack has also been shown to increase the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus which enhances synaptic transmission.[xiii]

Researchers have found that supplemental Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) also promotes synthesis of synaptic phosphatides. But scientists found that taking DHA with UMP has an even greater effect on synthesis of synaptic phosphatides. Greater than taking each nootropic on its own.

Scientists also found that combining DHA with UMP and choline amplifies increases in dendritic density in the hippocampus.

In one very detailed study with gerbils, researchers found that the combination of DHA, UMP and choline significantly increased learning and memory in the young animals.[xiv]

Gerald Weissmann, MD, Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal said of this study, “Now that we know how to make gerbils smarter, it’s not too far a stretch to hope that people’s intelligence can also be improved. Quite frankly, this can’t happen soon enough, as every environmentalist, advocate of evolution and war opponent will attest.”

The synergy of these three nootropics (DHA, UMP and choline) in boosting learning and memory are powerful motivation for any neurohacker to add these supplements to their stack.

Uridine Monophosphate Fights Depression

Research has confirmed the antidepressant effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Associate Professor of Psychiatry William A. Carlezon Jr. of Harvard also found that uridine, a compound found in sugar beets and molasses, has similar effects. And when both Omega-3 and uridine were used in combination, there were found to be effective at lower doses of each.

Professor Carlezon speculated that the antidepressant effects of Omega-3 and uridine were caused by affecting fats in the brain. Making membranes more resilient eased the flow of neurotransmitters.

An imbalance of neurotransmitters is thought to be a cause of depression.

To test this theory, the Professor and his colleagues put rats through a 15-minute swim test during which the animals eventually stopped trying to climb out of the water tank and became largely immobile. Just enough to keep their heads above water.

After the test, the rats were dried off with a towel, placed in a warm enclosure for 30 minutes and then returned to their cages. The next day, rats were retested for 5 minutes each. And the rats that had not received enough omega-3’s or uridine became motionless much less quickly.

The researchers equate the onset of immobility in rats to depression in humans. The animals that received either Omega-3 or uridine, or lower doses of both, continued to swim around.

Professor Carlezon said of the study, “They seem to be protected from the ability of stress to cause depression”.

Adding Omega-3’s or uridine monophosphate to your stack can help you avoid depression. For an even more pronounced antidepressant effect, combine Omega-3’s with uridine monophosphate, but at lower doses of each.[xv]

Uridine Monophosphate May Help Prevent Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer’s researchers agree that cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer’s patients is caused by loss of brain synapses. Researchers at MIT had a theory that restoring some of these synapses could provide an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s.

An MIT team reported in Brain Research that rodents given a cocktail of DHA (Omega-3), uridine and choline showed a greatly increased concentration of dendritic spines. These dendritic spines receive messages in postsynaptic neurons.

The head of the research team Professor Richard Wurtman said of the study that synapse regeneration had occurred. To Alzheimer’s researchers, this synapse regeneration was very unusual and came as a surprise.

In this study, some of the rats received all three compounds (Omega-3, uridine and choline), and some received only one. The improvements in synapse growth and cognitive ability were greatest in the rats given all three.[xvi]

Other research ongoing for at least the last 15 years shows that early treatment using “diet” could significantly slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

I would argue that most neurohackers supplementing with Omega-3’s, uridine monophosphate and choline could avoid Alzheimer’s altogether.

Published in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, a study from the University of Eastern Finland and conducted throughout Europe proved you could reduce dementia risk. And reduce amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer’s mouse models.

The results of this study showed that even slight changes in the composition of the diet may, under a sufficiently long period of time and at an early stage of the disease, lead to significant changes in brain metabolism and improved memory performance.[xvii]

The supplements used in this study included uridine-monophosphate, phospholipids, B-vitamins, and antioxidants. This combination has been put into a new supplement called “Souvenaid” (Amazon) which is undergoing clinical trials in Europe and the United States.

Uridine Monophosphate Recommended Dosage

Recommended dosage of Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) for nootropic benefit is 150 – 250 mg per day twice per day.Uridine Monophosphate increases intelligence

I recommend taking Uridine Monophosphate with a good multivitamin that includes the B-Vitamin group and a broad range of trace minerals including magnesium.

For the best results stack Uridine Monophosphate with Omega-3’s that include at least 700 mg of DHA and 300 mg of EPA. I highly recommend Performance Lab® Omega-3.

Introduce a good choline source after a couple of weeks of supplementing with uridine monophosphate. Start with 50 mg of Alpha GPC or CDP Choline. And increase your dose depending on response to 300 mg.

If you find that choline supplementation increases depression, stop using choline and try using ALCAR as an alternative.

Everyone’s body chemistry is different. To find the optimal dose of uridine monophosphate for you will take patience and some experimentation. Too little UMP and you won’t see any benefit for a long time. Too much uridine and you’ll feel emotionally dull and/or overly focused.

Uridine Monophosphate Side Effects

Uridine is produced naturally in your body. So is considered well-tolerated and safe. Taking uridine monophosphate with food may help avoid any side effects.

Neurohackers report only minor side effects like a decrease in emotions (feeling like a robot). But this has only been noted at very high doses of uridine monophosphate.

If you do not respond well to B-Vitamins or SAM-e, you may not enjoy the benefits of UMP. To learn more about the methylation-factor involved in this reaction for some people, you can read about methylation here.

 

Type of Uridine to buy

Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) is available in capsule and powder form. UMP is water soluble and can be taken sublingually.

Sublingual doses are reported to be up to 7 – 10-times the equivalent dose compared to using Uridine Monophosphate orally or by swallowing a capsule.

Triacetyluridine (TAU) comes in capsules, and is fat soluble. TAU is up to 4 -7-times stronger when taken orally compared to Uridine Monophosphate.

Neurohackers report that Uridine Monophosphate is more effective, and a better value than TAU.

Nootropics Expert Recommendation

Uridine Monophosphate 150 – 250 mg twice per day

Nootropics Expert Tested and ApprovedI recommend using Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) as a nootropic supplement.

Your body does make some uridine on its own. And you get uridine from the food you eat. But research has shown that your body does not retain enough of a usable form of uridine for cognitive benefit.

Uridine Monophosphate is critical for the formation of RNA (ribonucleic acid). The main messenger molecule needed to transfer DNA’s blueprints for protein synthesis.

Uridine is a precursor in the synthesis of CDP Choline. Which is a precursor to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC is required for the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh).

Uridine enhances the release of the feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine. And uridine enhances the growth of neurons and synapses.

Uridine Monophosphate is especially helpful if you’re dealing with stress or depression.

I suggest a dose of 150 – 250 mg of UMP twice daily. It takes a while to feel the effects of uridine monophosphate. But you can amplify the effects of UMP by stacking it with 300 mg of Alpha GPC or CDP Choline and 700-1,000 mg of DHA (Omega-3).

Do not push it by taking more than the recommended dose of UMP. You may experience unwanted side effects.

As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This post may also contain other affiliate links and I will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on my links.

[i] MacKinnon R.C., Simpson R.A., Maclennan C. “In vivo and in vitro techniques used in the study of RNA synthesis in the brains of rats and mice at various ages from birth to senility.” Journal of Anatomy 1969 Mar; 104(Pt 2): 351–360. (source)

[ii] Cansev M. “Uridine and cytidine in the brain: their transport and utilization.” Brain Research Revues. 2006 Sep;52(2):389-97. (source)

[iii] Pooler A.M., Guez D.H., Benedictus R., Wurtman R.J. “Uridine enhances neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 [corrected].” Neuroscience. 2005;134(1):207-14. (source)

[iv] Wang L., Albrecht M.A., Wurtman R.J. “Dietary supplementation with uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat” Brain Research. 2007 Feb 16; 1133(1): 42–48. (source)

[v] Sakamoto T., Cansev M., Wurtman R.J. “Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine-5′-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus.” Brain Research. 2007 Nov 28;1182:50-9. (source)

[vi] Cansev M., Watkins C.J., van der Beek E.M., Wurtman R.J. “Oral uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) increases brain CDP-choline levels in gerbils.” Brain Research. 2005 Oct 5;1058(1-2):101-8 (source)

[vii] Wang L., Albrecht M.A., Wurtman R.J. “Dietary supplementation with uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat.” Brain Research. 2007 Feb 16;1133(1):42-8. (source)

[viii] Wurtman R.J., Cansev M., Sakamoto T., Ulus I.H. “Use of phosphatide precursors to promote synaptogenesis.” Annual Review of Nutrition. 2009;29:59-87. (source)

[ix] Wang L., Pooler A.M., Albrecht M.A., Wurtman R.J. “Dietary uridine-5′-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats.” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2005;27(1):137-45. (source)

[x] Moffatt B.A., Ashihara H. “Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis and Metabolism” Arabidopsis Book. 2002; 1: e0018. (source)

[xi] Dobolyi A., Juhasz G., Kovacs Z., Kardos J. “Uridine Function in the Central Nervous System” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 11, 1058-1067 (source)

[xii] Myers C.S., Fisher H., Wagner G.C. “Uridine reduces rotation induced by l-Dopa and methamphetamine in 6-OHDA-treated rats”Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Volume 52, Issue 4, December 1995, Pages 749–753 (source)

[xiii] Sakamoto T., Cansev M., Wurtman R.J. “Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine-5′-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus.” Brain Research. 2007 Nov 28;1182:50-9 (source)

[xiv] Holguin S., Martinez J., Chow C., Wurtman R. “Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils” The FASEB Journal. 2008 Nov; 22(11): 3938–3946. (source)

[xv] Carlezon W.A., Mague S.D., Parow A.M., Stoll A.L., Cohen B.M., Renshaw P.F. “Antidepressant-like effects of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids are potentiated by combined treatment in rats” Biological Psychiatry Volume 57, Issue 4, P343-350 Feb. 15, 2005 (source)

[xvi] Trafton A. “’Cocktail’ of compounds improves brain function in rodents” MIT News news.mit.edu November 26, 2007 retrieved August 9, 2016 (source)

[xvii] Koivisto H. et. Al. “Special lipid-based diets alleviate cognitive deficits in the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease independent of brain amyloid deposition.” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2014 Feb;25(2):157-69. (source)

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Join The Discussion - 129 comments

Mick
October 8, 2019

Hi David
I ordered Uridine Phosphate 300mg caps to try. To get the best results it’s better to have it with CDP Choline, B Complex and DHA, which are in my nootropic stack at the moment.
I would like to ask you if it’s ok to use (Omega 3) DHA 1000mg without EPA as I do now? Or for better results should I use (Omega3) with DHA and EPA in it?

Thanks for your help.

    David Tomen
    October 8, 2019

    Mick, your brain and body do need some EPA and most DHA supplements provide at least some EPA. I don’t see a problem using a pure DHA supplement because you are likely getting some EPA in your regular diet. But if you can find a 1000 mg DHA supplement with a little EPA would be ideal. A couple of companies produce this kind of supplement including Nature’s Way and NOW Foods both of which are good.

Ginette
September 22, 2019

Any idea why uridine might cause insomnia? It really helps my focus and allows me to complete tasks but keeps my brain very awake and active at night causing insomnia. I’ve even tried doses as low as 20 mg and it still had the same effect. I take cdp or alpha gpc with it. I have tried to take ashwagandha and glycine at night to counterbalance its effects with no success.

    David Tomen
    September 23, 2019

    Ginette, Uridine stimulates the release of dopamine in your brain. That’s the only reason I can think of that would cause insomnia.

Robert Long
September 22, 2019

First i’m so impressed with your ability to cross-link EVERYTHING – like SAM-e which i’m trying now (only day 4).
My issue is OCD in the roots of Obsessive Thinking, Negative, Over-Reaction to Guilt.

This is what i’m trying to figure out. I’m following you suggestion.

In both cases – there is a B-Complex from Quinoa vs Methylated B. Do you suggest either? I do not have MTHFR issues per my study.

    David Tomen
    September 22, 2019

    Robert, I don’t trust ‘natural’ sources of the B-Vitamins that people suggest. Things like yeast and others. Because there is no way to tell how much of each B-Vitamin you are getting. And why I always use a high quality B-Complex supplement.

    Do a search top right for “OCD” and “Obsessive Compulsive Disorder” and see what else turns up.

Jayson Warner
August 10, 2019

First I just want to thank you for all this fantastic information that has been accumulated here.
My question is if Lions main mushroom and UMP stacked would provide to much NGF?
I’m thinking to take the lowest recommended dose and watch for tingling hands or itchy skin. Your thoughts?

    David Tomen
    August 10, 2019

    Jayson, I’ve not come across ‘excess’ Nerve Growth Factor in any of my research. The human body has a built-in self-regulating system that can take a lot of abuse. Start with the lowest recommended dosage for each and see how you feel. Then if everything is OK increase your dosage. But still with the parameters of the dosage recommendations for each.

Kevin L
August 9, 2019

Looks like I haven’t been taking nearly enough. Someone told me that 50mg was a good dose. No wonder I didn’t feel anything. Is your recommended dosage for TAU the same as UMP? I have a jar of that and have hardly tried it.

    David Tomen
    August 9, 2019

    Kevin, see dosage notes above as they are based on clinical studies. And note what you need to stack Uridine with for best results when it comes to avoiding Alzheimer’s.

Abdurrahman kaplan
May 7, 2019

Uridine monophosphate 150-250 mg per day should be used, what is the scientific proof of it?
thank you.

    David Tomen
    May 7, 2019

    Abdurrahman, the “scientific proof” is primarily anecdotal evidence based on user reviews and what works for most people. With some animal studies. And it’s 150 – 250 mg twice per day. But how much is whatever works for you.

Bora
December 10, 2018

Hello,

So glad I found this site. Seeking your opinion. My 65 year old mother suffers from TBI Stage 3 from a pedestrian/vehicle collision. I’m hoping to try Uridine, Omega 3 and Choline. She’s currently on 15ml of Omega 3, teaspoon of Lions Mane, 1 Tbsp of Turmeric and most recently, CBD oil full spectrum. This combo of Uridine, Omega 3 and Choline is very new to me…My question is:
1) What would be a good starting dose for this combo?
2) Will this combo be safe to use with turmeric and CBD oil?

And what supplements do you recommend for uridine and Choline? Thanks so much!! I look forward to your reply!

    David Tomen
    December 10, 2018

    Bora, each of the nootropic supplements you mention have specific dosage recommendations in each individual review here on Nootropics Expert. Including types to buy and side effects to watch out for.

    All of the nootropics in your comment are safe to use together as long as you follow the dosage instructions.

Diogo Leitão
December 1, 2018

Hi David!

Im looking to improve my meditation and the benefits of it, Im taking L Theanine Suntehanine, vitamin B12 (5000mcg) , and im looking to buy Phosphatidylserine and now Uridine Monophosphate.

My objective is to give the best protection to my brain and at the same time evolving it as much as I can, expand my intelligence in deepest and profound levels.

So im looking all the forms that I can take, but that won’t hurt me, even tanking singularly or complemented and do not create habituation.

Can u give me an overall about the best nootropics that will help me to attain this, and most important don’t cause any damage and habituation.

Thanks 🙂

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