Table of Contents
Key Takeaways
- Lithium is a natural alkali metal essential for reproductive health and overall wellness in humans and animals.
- Historically used for therapeutic purposes, lithium is studied for its neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects.
- Micro-dosing lithium through supplements like Lithium Orotate offers cognitive benefits such as mood balancing, promoting growth factors and neurogenesis, and brain protection.
- Adequate lithium intake from diet and water may help prevent mental and neurological diseases, while low levels can be associated with depression, anxiety, and memory decline.
- Lithium Orotate is a popular micro-dosing option that provides mood stabilization, neuroprotection, and cognitive enhancement without toxic side effects of higher doses.
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal so reactive (it sparks when it touches water) that it’s not found in nature on its own. Instead, it’s found in mineral compounds and in mineral water.
Cosmologists believe that lithium was one of the 3 elements synthesized in the Big Bang.[i] So it’s been around for a long time.
Most of us associate prescription lithium with treating mental illnesses like bipolar disorder and mania (lithium carbonate). Or the lithium-ion battery in our phone. Which has a tendency to blow up occasionally.
Turns out that the anti-psychotic medication lithium isn’t even a drug. It’s actually a naturally occurring mineral. Lithium salts are part of the same family of minerals that include potassium and sodium.
As a nootropic, micro-dosing lithium provides some amazing anti-aging benefits. Recent research shows that low-dose lithium may also help slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia and Parkinson’s disease.
Low-dose lithium also helps neurogenesis and memory. And is a mood stabilizer.
Here we’ll investigate daily or frequent use of Lithium Orotate as a nootropic, and how it benefits cognitive health.
Lithium helps:
- Balance mood. Lithium calms mania (extreme highs and lows) by decreasing sensitivity of the post-synaptic norepinephrine receptor.[ii] And increases uptake of norepinephrine into synaptosomes. Preventing the release of this neurotransmitter. And lithium enhances the transport of Vitamin B12 and folate into brain cells.[iii] Affecting mood and aggression.
- Growth Factors. Lithium upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and their receptors. And lithium stimulates the proliferation of stem cells in the brain. All boosting neurogenesis and assisting in repair from all types of brain injury.[iv]
- Neuroprotection. Lithium increases brain gray matter, increases DNA replication for neurogenesis, prevents apoptosis, increases N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), inhibits beta-amyloid secretion and protects against damage once it’s formed, chelates aluminum, and protects against glutamate toxicity.
Overview
Lithium is an alkali mineral and one the trace elements considered essential for both animal and human reproductive health, and general health and wellness.
Discovered as a chemical element in 1817, lithium’s first recorded modern medical use was in 1871 for the treatment of mania.
But the use of lithium for therapeutic use goes back to ancient Greek and Roman times. People enjoyed soaking in alkali springs to help with physical and mental illness.
People have been using mineral springs for therapeutic use ever since. Lithia Springs in Douglas County, Georgia was so popular that people came for miles just to drink the water.
The Sweet Water hotel, a luxury 500-room resort was opened in 1887. And attracted famous authors, business people and prominent politicians who came for the spring’s health benefits. The name “Lithia” stems from water rich in lithium.
Studies from around the world have shown the critical health benefits of lithium. One study using data from 27 Texas counties from 1978 – 1987 found that rates of suicide, homicide and rape were significantly higher in counties whose drinking water contained little or no lithium.[v]
Another study of lithium levels in tap water in 18 municipalities in Japan showed standard mortality ratios lower in places with higher lithium levels.[vi]
Yet another study conducted in Texas in 2013 confirmed the original findings in that state. Drinking water samples from 226 counties found a correlation between lithium levels and suicide rates.[vii]
Researchers who conducted meta-analyses of lithium levels and public drinking water suggested “increasing lithium levels of drinking water could potentially reduce the risk of suicide, and justify administering lithium to tap water.”[viii]
An article in the Lancet in 1949 by John Cade is credited for the modern medical use of lithium as an effective treatment for manic psychosis.[ix]
The United States FDA approved high dose lithium carbonate and lithium citrate in 1970 for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Carbonic acid and citric acid are mineral carriers used to transport lithium throughout your body.
Doctors also prescribe lithium off-label for treating migraines, seizure disorders and psychosis usually after other treatments have failed.
But as we dig deeper into the most recently published research on lithium, we realize this trace element is essential for optimal health and brain function.
The lithium we get from our diet prevents many neurological and psychiatric problems. Micro-dosing lithium as a nootropic with a supplement like Lithium Orotate can help make up for the what we don’t get from our food and water.
Lithium is naturally available from fish, processed meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, potatoes and vegetables. Your typical dietary intake of lithium can range from 2 – 600 mcg. Amounts vary depending on where the food is grown.
How does Lithium work in the brain?
Lithium helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
- Lithium stabilizes mood. Recent research has discovered that lithium’s mood stabilization effects may be due to its ability to boost the production of new brain cells (neurogenesis).
Lithium inhibits the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). This inhibition upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which stimulates neural stem cells to produce new neurons in the hippocampus.[x]
When neural stem cells produce new neurons in the hippocampus, mood and memory work as designed. But a breakdown in neurogenesis results in mood disorders.
Lithium has long been known to control mania and stabilize mood in bipolar patients. But it was not generally thought of as an antidepressant. Researchers in Tel Aviv provided the first evidence that inhibiting GSK-3β exerted a rapid antidepressant effect in mice.[xi]
Another team at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Pennsylvania showed that feeding mice chow laced with low-dose lithium for 15 days produced a dose-dependent antidepressant effect.[xii]
Lithium induced gene transcription in the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. All areas implicated in depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism and schizophrenia.
- Lithium protects your brain. Your brain cells are at constant risk of damage from exposure to toxins you encounter every day from food, air, water and your environment. And the excitotoxins produced by ordinary brain cell metabolism.
Glutamate plays a major role in the synaptic plasticity needed for learning and memory.[xiii] But over-activity of glutamate on its NMDA receptors causes neuron death and is implicated in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease. Lithium inhibits this overactivity.[xiv]
Lithium also increases the production of a neuroprotective protein called bcl-2.[xv] Researchers maintain that lithium is the only “medication” that has been demonstrated to significantly increase bcl-2 in several brain areas.
Lithium has also recently been evaluated in preventing and treating traumatic brain injury. In a study conducted in 2014, Dr. Peter Leeds stated that lithium had “demonstrated robust beneficial effects in experimental models of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). These include decreases in TBI-induced brain lesion, suppression of neuroinflammation, protection against blood-brain barrier disruption, normalization of behavioral deficits, and improvement of learning and memory, among others.”[xvi]
How things go bad
In 1985, the United States EPA estimated that dietary intake of lithium from food in the USA varied from 0.6 to 3.1 mg per day.[xvii] For comparison, people who live in the Andes in Northern Argentina consume 2 to 30 mg per day, with 2 – 3 mg just from drinking water.[xviii]
As your dietary sodium and caffeine increases, so does lithium excretion in urine which increases your requirement for this essential trace mineral.
Your exposure to stress and toxins from things like mercury, aspartame, MSG, Bisphenol A (BPA) and other excitotoxins also raise cortisol and other stress hormones. Increasing your need for more water-soluble nutrients like B-vitamins, magnesium, zinc and lithium.
Low lithium levels are associated with …
↑ Depression and anxiety increase
↓ Memory and learning ability decline
↑ Insomnia increases
↑ Sensitivity to stress and chronic pain increase
↓ Natural healing processes decline
Adequate daily intake of lithium could help prevent many mental and neurological diseases due to this trace minerals effects on nervous system metabolism. And it’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Lithium Orotate benefits
The clinical research and studies on the neuroprotective benefits of lithium are so overwhelming, some scientists are beginning to ask “why isn’t everyone using lithium”?
Here’s a summary of how micro-dosing lithium using Lithium Orotate can benefit your brain.
- Inhibits apoptosis – lithium inhibits GSK-3 which has been linked to apoptotic cell death
- NMDA-receptors – lithium reduces glutamate induced toxicity mediated by NMDA-receptors which helps in mood disorders, Alzheimer’s, and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
- Neuroprotection – blocks the development of beta-amyloid tangles and plaque
- Neurogenesis – lithium promotes the increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) needed for synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Lithium also boosts nerve growth factor and glial-derived neurotrophic factor affecting learning, memory, mood and overall brain health[xix]
- Neuronal stem cells – lithium stimulates the stem cells needed to produce new neurons (neurogenesis)
- Stabilizes mood – lithium is known for providing a calming effect in healthy people as well as those dealing with depression, bipolar disorder, and mania
- Suicide prevention – adequate levels of lithium has been shown to reduce suicide risk in multiple studies worldwide
- Depression – lithium helps with treatment-resistant depression. In fact, lithium has been shown to improve the effectiveness of antidepressant medications
- N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) – lithium increases NAA which has been associated with higher IQ scores[xx] (i.e. lithium will make you smarter!)
The benefits of supplementing with lithium go far beyond just optimizing cognitive health. Lithium also helps decrease insulin resistance, helps in treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, supports bone health, balances your circadian rhythm and more.
How does Lithium Orotate feel?
My personal experience with Lithium Orotate has made me a believer in micro-dosing lithium. I’m Adult ADD and deal with mood swings from time to time.
If I’m going around the bend because something upset me, I take 5 mg of Lithium Orotate. Within 15 minutes my mood stabilizes and I feel normal again. Consistent use puts me in a happy mood.
Many others report you’ll feel the results taking a low dose of lithium quickly. But for some, the full effect can take anywhere from 1 to 3 weeks. Micro-dosing 5 – 10 mg of lithium daily results in consistent results within a month or two for some. I’ve experienced great results within a couple of days.
So if you lash out at people in anger, and don’t fully understand why you get so angry – it could be your lithium levels are low.
Many neurohackers with depression and anger issues notice results quickly. Within the first couple of days you should feel more calm, relaxed, and experience less stress.
Keep in mind that lithium at any dose is not for everyone. But if you get adequate lithium from your diet and water, and still experience some of the mood swings talked about in this review, you could be dealing with other issues. You should know within a couple of hours of supplementing with low-dose lithium if this supplement is for you.
For some, Lithium Orotate means feeling excited about life for the first time in a long time. Anxiety and social anxiety are no longer a problem. Life is more fun and enjoyable.
Some say Lithium Orotate works better than any prescription that they’ve ever tried to treat severe depression. It provides a nice, smooth mood balance without all the toxicity associated with mega-doses of lithium carbonate.
If you’re dealing with PTSD or mild insomnia, you may want to try Lithium Orotate. Focus could improve, racing thoughts diminish and motivation levels could increase. You’ll have more coping ability.
Lithium Orotate Clinical Research
Lithium Improves Memory
A study at McMaster University in Canada set out to determine the effects on hippocampus volume in 14 bipolar patients who received lithium therapy.
The researchers examined the effects of lithium on hippocampal volumes and memory performance and recall over 2 – 4 years. The patients had not received any type of medication prior to using lithium.
The study found increases in hippocampus volume over time. And evidence of improvement of verbal memory performance over the 4-year measurement period.
The researchers concluded that the results of the study were consistent with the literature stating the neuroprotective effects of lithium. And that long-term lithium treatment is associated with preservation of memory and recall due to increased hippocampus size.[xxi]
Lithium Increases Mood in Recovering Addicts
24 adults recovering from heroin or methamphetamine addiction participated in a study in San Diego. Group A received 400 mcg per day of lithium taken orally for 4 weeks. The placebo Group B naturally took a non-active placebo.
Subjects completed a mood test questionnaire containing questions about their ability to think, work, mood and emotions. For the lithium group, mood test scores increased steadily and significantly during the 4 week period.
The lithium group also reported significantly increased levels of happiness, friendliness and energy. Group B showed no improvement during the same period.
The researchers concluded that low-dose lithium provided a mood-improving and stabilizing effect.[xxii]
Lithium Orotate in the Treatment of Alcoholism
In this study, 42 alcoholic patients were treated with Lithium Orotate during alcohol rehabilitation in a private clinical setting for six months. The data was collected from clinical practice records for the 10 years following the initial study.
The patients received 150 mg of Lithium Orotate daily for six months along with calcium orotate, magnesium orotate, bromelain and essential phospholipids.
Ten of the patients had no relapse from 3 – 10 years. 13 patients stayed sober from 1 – 3 years. The remaining patients relapsed between 6 – 12 months.
The researchers concluded that Lithium Orotate therapy was safe in treating addiction with minor adverse side effects.[xxiii]
Lithium Orotate Recommended Dosage
Lithium retains a grim and undeserved reputation. Likely because it was originally associated with serious mental illness. And like most medications, lithium can produce serious side effects if not monitored properly.
Lithium carbonate or lithium chloride salts are typically prescribed for long-term control and to treat bipolar disorder at 900 – 1200 mg per day. The major problem with such high doses of lithium are some very serious and debilitating side effects.
For nootropic use, I suggest Lithium Orotate which typically contains only 5 mg of elemental lithium. Lithium Orotate is orotic acid combined with lithium.
Orotic acid reportedly makes the lithium more bioavailable than lithium carbonate. The lithium is released once it crosses the blood-brain barrier. So you’ll get the benefits of lithium supplementation while avoiding the toxic side effects of high doses.[xxiv]
Lithium Orotate supplements recommended dose is 5 mg two or three times per day. See “Where to buy Lithium Orotate” for more on lithium amounts in nootropic supplements.
Many neurohackers use Lithium Orotate only as needed. For example, when feeling anxious or in the middle of a mood swing.
For someone with bipolar disorder or manic disorders, increasing to two 5 mg tablets up to 3-times per day may be more effective.
Naturopathic doctors suggest stacking 1,000 mg of Omega-3 and 400 UI of Vitamin E (as mixed tocopherols) each day you’re using Lithium Orotate.
Lithium Orotate Side Effects
Do not confuse Lithium Orotate with lithium carbonate. The carbonate version of lithium is only available by prescription and comes with a host of side effects.
Prescription lithium used in excess has been shown to have adverse effects on thyroid and kidney function. This is NOT a problem when supplementing with Lithium Orotate when used at recommended dosages.
Lithium Orotate at low doses is non-toxic and lab tests are not required to monitor your lithium levels because it does not show up in blood samples.
Lithium Orotate should not be used if you are dealing with significant renal or cardiovascular disease, severe dehydration or sodium depletion, or if you’re taking diuretics or ACE inhibitors.
Do not use Lithium Orotate if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
You should check with your doctor if you are on any medication before using Lithium Orotate.
Where to Buy Lithium Orotate
Mother Nature has already put the antipsychotic “drug” lithium in drinking water. And you get some lithium from food depending on where it’s grown.
Supplemental Lithium Orotate typically comes in 120 or 130 mg capsules or tablets containing 5 mg of elemental lithium.
I recommend and use Lithium Orotate by Advanced Research (Amazon) which was formulated by Dr. Hans Nieper.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Lithium Orotate 5 mg 2 or 3 times per day.
I recommend using Lithium Orotate as a nootropic supplement if you’re feeling anxious or depressed. Or experiencing mood swings.
Your body does not make lithium on its own. So you must get this essential trace mineral from your diet, or a supplement like Lithium Orotate.
Lithium combined with orotic acid makes Lithium Orotate which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and you should feel its effects within 15 – 20 minutes of taking it.
Lithium Orotate is especially effective if you’re feeling stressed, or mentally overworked. Your brain uses lithium faster and it needs to be replaced. Which you can do by using Lithium Orotate.
Lithium Orotate is great if you are ADHD because lithium calms the hyperactivity in your brain.
Lithium supplements do not change your state of consciousness. It simply helps bring you back to feeling normal and happy.
I suggest trying Lithium Orotate as a nootropic supplement with your first dose at 5 mg and see how you react. If you experience no negative reaction, try another 5 mg in a few hours. Up to 3 – 5 mg doses per day.
You’ll likely experience the full benefits of Lithium Orotate within a week of consistent use.
I recommend and use Lithium Orotate by Advanced Research (Amazon).
Join The Discussion - 779 comments
salem
August 12, 2021
hi david
can i can take 20mg per day of lithium orotate?
like 2 doses 5mg and one dose 10 mg ?
thanks
David Tomen
August 12, 2021
Salem, you can if your system can tolerate that amount.
salem
August 13, 2021
what are the symptoms that i must pay attention to that iam not tolerating that 20 mg dose ?
David Tomen
August 13, 2021
You should not experience any side effects with 20 mg Lithium Orotate. There is the very, very rare possibility of experiencing nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. But those symptoms usually associated wtih high dose Lithium like they prescribe for psychosis and mania.
Denise
July 31, 2021
Hi David,
On the suggestion of my naturopath I am trying Lithium Orotate. I tend to be very sensitive.
I took the basic 5mg caps two nights in a row. I felt something for a bout an hour afterwards, just a little tiny heady feeling.
Today I felt sort of lightheaded and a bit disoriented. Is this anything you’ve heard of happening before? I’m wondering if I should stop it altogether or perhaps try breaking up the caps into smaller doses.
Also, I’m case it matters I take 500 mg Tryptophan at night. I also take Turmeric, Ashwaganda, Magnesium glycinate, omegas, vitamin D, Maca in the morning, thyroid meds, Claritin, Chinese herbs, and desiccated liver supplement.
David Tomen
August 2, 2021
Denise, did you see this part of my Side Effects section above? “Lithium Orotate should not be used if you are dealing with significant renal or cardiovascular disease, severe dehydration or sodium depletion, or if you’re taking diuretics or ACE inhibitors.”
If none of that applies to you and you experienced what you did the 2nd day of using Lithium Orotate it could be the wrong supplement for you.
Are you using one or two tablets/capsules at once? Because if it is two then cut your dose back to one tablet and see if that helps. If not then cut the tablet in half and see if that helps. If none of that works then you’ll need to find another nootropic supplement to try.
Denise
August 5, 2021
Thank you for your reply. I don’t have any of the contraindications listed, but I am struggling with a difficult perimenopause, hypothyroidism, and possible protracted withdrawals from Wellbutrin and Prozac which I quit 17 months ago. Also, saw my acupuncturist and she thinks I have a cold, due to some sinus congestion, and so that may have been what was making me feel off kilter. So, maybe it was just bad timing.
I had only tried one 5 mg cap at night. I think that I felt better mentally for the first two days, and then started feeling off after that. I stopped taking it and still felt off for the next several days. I think I will try to order some 1 mg caps and try those when this congestion is gone. I tend to need lower doses of everything than most people. Really appreciate your site.
Carolyn
July 15, 2021
I took an L glutamine supplement that feels as though it has flooded my brain with glutamate. I’m twitching and I can’t sleep. Would the dose recommended above for a week help me clear it out?
PS. Your site is a Godsend.
David Tomen
July 21, 2021
Carolyn, Lithium Orotate helps prevent glutamate toxicity it may help you. Try a standard dose of 5 mg which is usually a 120 mg tablet or capsule 3-times per day.
Steph
July 12, 2021
Hello – my Dr. suggested I start taking anti-depress RX Wellbutrin, but not feeling great on it. I remember I tried taking the brand of Lithium orotate you recommend at 120 mg a day and noticed a difference, but thought I was kidding myself. I think I might quit Wellbutrin and go back to L.O… is 120 mg 1 x a day that most? Do you recommend trying them together? There’s a chance I might want to give Wellbutrin a chance. It’s only been 5 days.
Thank you!
David Tomen
July 13, 2021
Steph, Wellbutrin and Lithium Orotate are very different in the way they work in your brain. And if you did not experience any benefit from Wellbutrin I don’t think continuing it will change that. It either works or it doesn’t.
Lithium Orotate is micro-dosing lithium which is bound to orotic acid which helps lithium better access the brain. Each dose is only 5 mg of lithium. You can safely use that dose 3-times per day.
Benjamin David Steele
July 5, 2021
Does lithium need to be taken with meals or with a fat? I assume it doesn’t as it’s naturally found in water. But I wanted to make sure about the optimal way of increasing absorption..
David Tomen
July 5, 2021
Benjamin, lithium is slightly soluble in water. But the orotate ion can easily cross the blood-brain barrier which helps deliver lithium to your brain. This is the reason why micro-dosing lithium in this form is so effective.
Andrew
June 22, 2021
David ,
I’m so grateful to find this database of information . I take 10 mg lithium 3X a day spaced out after a meal along with recommended values of fish oil, ashwaganda , gaba , melatonin, beets and turmeric and 430 mg a day of bovine adrenals to support my adrenals… None of this worked for me until I started using the lithium orate . It has only been 4 days I don’t want to get to ahead of myself but I have seen such a major improvement since adding this to the stack of supplements I’m currently taking , does this stack seem like a safe to you? I really appreciate this website and will recommend to others .. thank you for all your hard work David ..
David Tomen
June 22, 2021
Andrew, it depends on what you are trying to achieve with this stack. You need 1,000 mg DHA per day which you can’t get from plain fish oil.
And I never suggest supplementing with melatonin. See my melatonin review for why. Better to use L-Tryptophan in my opinion and allow serotonin to produce melatonin naturally in your brain.
Andrew
June 27, 2021
David, I have bi polar mood swings, and ADD. Some days I can’t prioritize simple things and have an extremely hard time focusing. I have cut caffeine out, To help take the edge off .I’m trying to achieve a calmer me , while being able to be focused . I used to smoke Marijuana to help regulate mood, but my body is just too sensitive. I have come to find that lithum orate has been the biggest difference maker for me so far. I feel a wave of calm and focus , the outside noise is silenced is the best way to describe .The fish oil I’m currently taking has a blend of EPA + DHA that is 250 mg . I have since doubled my intake of this blend to increase the DHA , while I look for a supplement that has a higher amount of DHA. I would really like to talk further on this if possible. I have attached my email to this post. If your willing and able . I could use your insight. Either way David, after years. I feel now more hope than ever and can certainly attribute that to you and your life’s work, I really can’t tell you how much I appreciate you and all you have done for myself and others.
David Tomen
June 29, 2021
Andrew, this is the Omega-3 supplement I now use and prefer: https://bit.ly/3q98chL. Your brain needs 900 – 1,000 mg DHA per day and half that of EPA. 3 gelcaps of that supplement provides a very pure 900 mg DHA and 450 mg EPA.
You have the option of setting up a consultation with me if you need more help. Here is a link to my calendar: https://calendly.com/davidtomen/60min
Luis
June 17, 2021
Hi David:
Nice work. I am in the process of reducing psych meds, I finished cymbalta and lamotrigine reductions, and I am only now on 0.75mg of clonazepam daily. I find that If I take a tablet of 5mg of lithium I feel groggy and drowsy. My ideal dose is 1/4 of tablet twice a day to feel calm. Is it possible that this tiny dose can work? Am I dealing with placebo effect?
Thanks
David Tomen
June 18, 2021
Luis, even that small dose is likely to provide benefit. Go back and read some the research I provided above. Esp. the parts about the suicide rate being lower in communities that had adequate lithium in their municipal water supply.
Luis
June 18, 2021
Thanks a lot.
Noah
June 13, 2021
Does Lithium Orotate leave the kidneys as quickly as lithium carbonate? I’ve read some reports about LiO not leaving the kidneys as quickly. Not sure why that would be the case, as lithium is lithium? Also, is it safe to take NSIDS if needed with Lithium Orotate because studies say that NSIDS raise lithium concentrations to toxic levels, but we’re talking about very small doses of Lithium here. Thanks so much!
David Tomen
June 16, 2021
Noah, back in the 1970’s there was some concern about lithium and kidney problems. But they were talking about mega-doses of lithium carbonate.
More recent research show micro-dosing lithium is actually beneficial for kidney health: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5210210/
And I’m not aware of a problem with NSAIDS and Lithium Orotate. But NSAIDS alone as you get older are bad news including congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036662/
Noah
June 17, 2021
You’re a Godsend Dave. I’m truly so grateful for your work and brain. I recommend everyone interested in nootropics look at your site and book(s). You’ve built something miraculous and have helped me so much.
David Tomen
June 18, 2021
Thank you Noah. Deeply appreciated.