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Home / Reviews / Vitamin B8 (Inositol)

October 18, 2021 By David Tomen 175 Comments

Vitamin B8 (Inositol)

Last modified: October 18, 2021 by David Tomen 175 Comments
Vitamin B8 (Inositol)
Vitamin B8 is known to decrease anxiety, depression, panic attacks, mood swings, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and alleviate the symptoms causing bulimia

Vitamin B8 (Inositol, cyclohexanehexol) is a sugar alcohol and isomer of glucose. As a nootropic, inositol is involved in brain cell signaling, and is a component of cell membranes.

Vitamin B8 is no longer considered a ‘true’ B-Vitamin because your body can make inositol on its own.  A “true vitamin” is either essential for life and/or cannot be made by the human body. So inositol no longer qualifies.

Inositol is used in your brain as a “secondary messenger”. It facilitates communication between brain cells. All of your major neurotransmitters need inositol to relay messages.

Inositol is also a component making up the phospholipid ‘shell’ encasing each brain cell. Once again, inositol acts as a messenger of sorts by assisting in the transport of amino acids, proteins and neurotransmitters across and into the brain cell.

Inositol is a ‘group’ of 9 molecules called ‘stereoisomers’. Myo-inositol is the most abundant stereoisomer, making up 90-95% of the total free inositol in your body.

As a nootropic, Vitamin B8 (Inositol) can be used to treat panic attacks and anxiety, depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), bulimia, depression in bipolar disorder and mood swings.

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) helps:

  • Brain Optimization: Inositol helps boost serotonin and dopamine receptor density. Improving the effectiveness of serotonin, GABA, glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitters in your brain.
  • Neurotransmitters: Inositol improves the effectiveness of major neurotransmitters in your brain. Boosting alertness, concentration, focus, motivation and memory.
  • Mood: Inositol is often used along with popular antidepressant medications improving their effectiveness. Or sometimes even replacing SSRI’s in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic attacks and OCD.

Table of Contents

  • Overview
  • How does Vitamin B8 (Inositol) work in the Brain?
  • How things go bad
  • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Benefits
  • How does Vitamin B8 (Inositol) feel?
  • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Clinical Research
    • Inositol to Treat Panic Attacks
    • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) for Depression
    • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) for OCD
  • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Recommended Dosage
  • Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Side Effects
  • Types of Vitamin B8 (Inositol) to Buy
  • Nootropics Expert Recommendation

Overview

Vitamin B8 (Inositol, cyclohexanehexol) is a sugar alcohol and isomer of glucose found in nearly all animals and plants.

Inositol is a group of 9 molecules called stereoisomers. In this article we’re talking primarily about myo-inositol which accounts for up to 95% of the inositol in your body.

Myo-inositol
Myo-inositol

Vitamin B8 is no longer considered a ‘true’ vitamin because our body makes inositol. And we can get it from most types of food.

Myo-inositol is involved in cell-signaling. In the simplest terms, myo-inositol hears from the first neuron that it’s about to fire over a neurotransmitter. And passes that information on to the receiving neuron. Not enough inositol and the neurotransmitter can’t do its job.

Inositol is one busy molecule in your body:

  • Myo-inositol affects mRNA which regulates cell volume.[i]
  • Phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways control signals inside and outside of brain cells.[ii]
  • Inositol plays a role in DNA repair[iii]
  • Inositol affects long-term potentiation[iv]
  • Myo-inositol is a component of cell membranes
  • Myo-inositol regulates cell metabolism
  • Myo-inositol regulates cell energy consumption

inositol-relieves-anxiety

How does Vitamin B8 (Inositol) work in the Brain?

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.

  1. Inositol influences neuroplasticity and neurotransmitters. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been used to treat depression, Parkinson’s Disease, stroke and pain. But the maximum effect of tDCS in the brain was not until several minutes after treatment. Which indicates the effects of tDCS is not by direct neurotransmitter action like you would expect for example if you were using a nootropic.[v]

Researchers concluded the effect of tDCS was best explained by the activation of a ‘secondary messenger system’, and modulation of brain cell membrane proteins.

Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones have been shown to exert their action via an intracellular (inside the cell) secondary messenger system in which the activated neuroreceptor stimulates the turnover of inositol phospholipids.[vi]

Clinical studies have found that low levels of inositol are present in patients with anorexia, brain disorders and depression.[vii] And abnormal levels of myo-inositol in middle-aged adults can signal the initial stages of cognitive decline such as Alzheimer’s and dementia.[viii]

  1. Inositol helps reduce anxiety and depression. Long-term potentiation needed for encoding long-term memories, and long-term depression, rely on neural signal transmission and synaptic plasticity. And both are strongly influenced by the myo-inositol and phosphoinositide pathway.[ix]

A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical studies were evaluated comparing inositol for depression and anxiety disorders. The researchers concluded that inositol was beneficial for treating depression and anxiety.[x]

How things go bad

Inositol is an important component of brain cell membranes. And is critical as a secondary messenger for both intra- and extra-cellular signaling.

inositol-relieves-insomniaLow inositol levels have been found in those with major depressive disorder, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Science does not yet know if low inositol is a result of, or contributes to these diseases.

↓ Inositol levels decline

↓ Serotonin and dopamine receptor density declines

↓ Anxiety and depression get worse

↓ Concentration, cognition and memory decline

↑ LDL-cholesterol (bad) and triglycerides increase

↓ HDL-cholesterol (good) levels decline

↑ Inflammation and oxidative stress damage neurons

Vitamin B8 supplementation can help increase the density of serotonin and dopamine receptors in your brain. And improve neurotransmitter signaling. Helping you to cope with stress, lessen depression and improve memory.

inositol-relieves-ocd

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Benefits

Myo-inositol enhances serotonin neuroreceptor sensitivity.[xi] And several studies have proposed a SSRI-like role for myo-inositol. Researchers believe inositol works as a SSRI because it is a secondary messenger of serotonin.

In other words, inositol gets a message from the 1st neuron that says it wants to send over a serotonin molecule. Inositol picks up that message and lets the receiving neuroreceptor know there’s an incoming serotonin molecule. Serotonin signaling is fixed and depression goes away.[xii]

In some regions of your brain, serotonin acts more like a “neuromodulator” rather than a “classic” neurotransmitter. And can affect glutamate and GABA as well.[xiii]

As a secondary messenger, inositol is an integral part of neuroplasticity and neurotransmitter signaling. Affecting anxiety, alertness, concentration, cognition, depression and all forms of memory.

A large percentage of patients do not respond to SSRI’s when used to treat depression or anxiety. The problem could be depression not related to serotonin or GABA deficiency (they could have a dopamine problem instead).

But if it is serotonin-related depression and there is no response to SSRI’s, inositol may help. Myo-inositol helps relay the messages sent and received by serotonin receptors.

Another problem with SSRI’s like lithium is Serotonin Syndrome. Too much serotonin can be released in the brain which can be toxic and deadly. Or the SSRI can deplete stores of inositol which raises serotonin levels too high.

Once again, inositol comes to the rescue. Researchers found that myo-inositol + lithium alleviated Serotonin Syndrome.[xiv]

Myo-inositol regulates blood sodium levels which helps in the maintenance of healthy myelin sheaths that protect neurons.

Myo-inositol protects your brain from a leaky blood-brain barrier that if left unchecked, would allow toxins produced in your liver to enter your brain.[xv]

Inositol can relieve anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Myo-inositol can reduce panic attacks. And inositol can reduce mood swings.

Studies show that inositol is as effective as SSRI’s in treating the symptoms of bulimia and binge eating.[xvi]

Inositol can protect against lung cancer caused by smoking.[xvii]

Myo-inositol increases sperm concentration, total sperm count, and re-balanced follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in infertile males.[xviii]

Myo-inositol can help lower LDL-cholesterol (bad-cholesterol), C-reactive protein and blood glucose levels while increasing HDL-cholesterol (good cholesterol).[xix]

Inositol reduces inflammation. Phosphatidylinositol reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines.[xx] And D-chiro-inositol decreases the mRNA expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6 (IL-6).[xxi]

D-chiro-inositol has anti-aging properties and can extend lifespan.[xxii]

The bottom-line is inositol is a potent pseudo-vitamin and can be a great compliment to any nootropic stack.

How does Vitamin B8 (Inositol) feel?

Inositol makes it easier to fall asleep. Unlike other sleep-inducing nootropics or sleep meds, it doesn’t “knock you out”. Falling asleep is just effortless.Inositol relieves social anxiety

Inositol increases serotonin and dopamine receptor densities. So damage that you may have done to dopamine receptors are repaired (particularly an issue with ADHD stimulant meds). And serotonin is simply more effective. Anxiety decreases, motivation goes up and depression goes away.

Inositol is great for social occasions because anxiety levels decrease. In fact, inositol outperformed fluoxetine (Prozac®) at reducing panic attacks and can become effective in just a few days. With no side effects.

Some neurohackers feel that supplementing with inositol is the best anti-depressant they’ve every used. The real beauty of inositol is you can safely combine it with the current antidepressant (i.e. SSRI) medication you currently take. Your antidepressant meds may work better!

Inositol is a proven remedy for treating the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). You should feel a noticeable reduction in negative thoughts. Some things just won’t bother you as much. And won’t dominate your thoughts so easily.

And inositol is an effective method of taming panic attacks.

inositol-helps-stop-panic-attacks

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Clinical Research

Inositol to Treat Panic Attacks

Estimates are that only about 70% of patients respond to standard drug treatments for panic disorder. And many often discontinue the drugs because of negative side effects.

Israeli researchers decided to compare inositol with the SSRI fluvoxamine (Luvox®) for panic disorder. In this double-blind, controlled, random-order crossover study 20 patients completed 1 month of 18 grams per day of inositol and 1 month of 150 mg per day of fluvoxamine.

In the first month, inositol reduced the number of panic attacks per week by 4 compared to only 2.4 for fluvoxamine. Nausea and fatigue were noted with those using Luvox® but not with inositol.

The natural compound inositol was more effective than a SSRI for treating panic disorder.[xxiii]

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) for Depression

A study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry noted that levels of inositol in depressed patients were lower than normal. In this trial, the authors administered 12 grams per day of inositol or a placebo to depressed patients for 4 weeks.

The overall improvement in depression scores was significantly greater than placebo by week 4. And no side effects were noted.

The researchers commented that “this is the first time a precursor strategy for a secondary messenger rather a neurotransmitter” was used in treating depression.

The authors concluded that “inositol had a significant antidepressant effect”.[xxiv]

Another study tried using inositol to treat Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a particularly nasty form of PMS. It’s a condition in which a woman has severe depression, irritability and tension before menstruation.

Scientists don’t really know what causes PMDD except it has something to do with serotonin. Serotonin is the “calming neurotransmitter”. When it fails for any reason you get depressed, irritable, obsessive, negative and worried.

In this 2-phase clinical trial, PMDD patients were given myo-inositol in powder form, or a soft-gel capsule equivalent to 2 grams of myo-inositol.

The results showed a significant improvement on 3 different scales of measuring depression. Inositol significantly improved PMDD and associated depression, irritability and tension.[xxv]

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) for OCD

Inositol is good for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). OCD is a type of anxiety characterized by unwanted, recurring thoughts and behaviors.

One double-blind, controlled crossover trial treated 13 OCD patients with 18 grams per day of inositol for 6 weeks.

The OCD patients had significantly lower scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale when taking inositol than when taking placebo.

The authors concluded that “inositol is effective in depression, panic, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, a spectrum of disorders responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)”.[xxvi]

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Recommended Dosage

Recommended dosage for inositol is up to 3 grams per day. Typically split into 3-doses of 1 gram each. One in the morning, one at noon, and your final dose before bedtime.Inositol improves mood

Clinically effective dosage for depression and anxiety is up to 12 grams per day. Split your dose into 3-times per day. 4 grams in the morning, 4 grams at noon and 4 grams prior to bedtime.

Clinically effective dosage for OCD is up to 18 grams per day. Split into 3 equal doses of 6 grams each.

The clinical dosages mentioned here are the ones used in clinical trials. Most people experienced relief of symptoms within 3 months. Some people showed improvements within a week or sooner.

Important note: It may not be necessary for you to go as high as 12 or 18 grams per day. Inositol could be just as effective for you in much smaller doses.

Most neurohackers notice benefits when taking 3 – 4 grams per day or less.

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Side Effects

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.

Higher doses like those used in clinical trials could result in flatulence, stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, increased mood swings for bipolar or psychosis patients.

If you’ve been diagnosed with bipolar or bipolar-spectrum disorder, please consult a pharmacist or your doctor before using inositol.

Studies have shown and neurohackers verify that inositol supplementation may reduce testosterone levels and libido. Most of the Low-T reports were by woman but I’ve heard a few men reporting Low-T and libido from inositol as well.

Types of Vitamin B8 (Inositol) to Buy

Inositol is available in capsules, softgels, and in powder form.

Inositol powder is the least expensive way to supplement with this nootropic. Inositol is basically a sugar so it tastes sweet. Not as sweet as sugar but it tastes good on its own. Or mixed in your favorite beverage.Vitamin B8 (Inositol) dosage

Lecithin is comprised of both inositol and choline. So lecithin as a supplement will provide you with inositol.

Inositol is often supplied by supplement manufacturers as “inositol + choline”. The thinking behind this combined supplement is that inositol compliments the effects of choline.

When inositol and choline are used together, they are supposed to improve nerve function and help you metabolize cholesterol.

But high doses of choline can leave you depressed and sleepy. So if you want to add inositol to your nootropic stack, I suggest you avoid the combination and go with straight inositol.

Some multivitamins also include some form of Vitamin B8 (Inositol) in their formula. But many of these multis don’t contain enough for optimum health. And many have an isolated or synthetic version of this nutrient.

The Performance Lab® NutriGenesis Multi offers a nature-identical form of Vitamin B8 (Inositol) and is now my favorite daily multivitamin/mineral supplement.

I prefer the Performance Lab® multi because it’s more potent, it’s biologically active and I’ve found to be a far more effective multi compared to every other multivitamin supplement I’ve ever used.

Performance Lab® uses their own priority NutriGenesis® vitamins and minerals which are grown on probiotic, plant and yeast cultures in a state-of-the-art lab.

Nootropics Expert Recommendation

Vitamin B8 (Inositol) up to 3 grams per day

Nootropics Expert Tested and ApprovedI recommend using Vitamin B8 (Inositol) as a nootropic supplement.

Your body does make Vitamin B8 on its own. And you get it from food. So it is unlikely that you are inositol deficient. But if you want to try inositol for its anti-anxiety and antidepressant benefits, you must take it as a supplement.

Inositol is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety, depression, panic attacks, or OCD.

Experience shows Inositol helps stop and reverse the symptoms associated with high cholesterol levels. B8 will lower ‘bad’ LDL-cholesterol as well as raise ‘good” HDL-cholesterol.

Vitamin B8 is also particularly helpful to quell anxiety caused by social situations.

Vitamin B8 can help you get a good night’s sleep. Many find it more effective than sleep meds and other nootropics used for sleep. You’ll awaken feeling refreshed and calm. Ready to start your day.

The recommended dosage of Vitamin B8 (Inositol) is up to 3 grams per day. But start at a gram or less, and work your way up depending on how you feel. Clinical doses of 12 or 18 gram are usually not needed for most people.

At the very minimum every neurohacker should be using a multivitamin every day that includes Vitamin B8 (Inositol). The best multi I’ve found and use every day is the Performance Lab® NutriGenesis Multi for men or women.

REFERENCES

[i] Wiese T.J., Dunlap J.A., Conner C.E., Grzybowski J.A., Lowe W.L. Jr., Yorek M.A. “Osmotic regulation of Na-myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA level and activity in endothelial and neural cells.” American Journal of Physiology. 1996 Apr;270(4 Pt 1):C990-7. (source)

[ii] Majerus P.W., Ross T.S., Cunningham T.W., Caldwell K.K., Jefferson A.B., Bansal V.S. “Recent insights in phosphatidylinositol signaling.” Cell. 1990 Nov 2;63(3):459-65. (source)

[iii] Fisher S.K., Novak J.E., Agranoff B.W. “Inositol and higher inositol phosphates in neural tissues: homeostasis, metabolism and functional significance.” Journal of Neurochemistry. 2002 Aug;82(4):736-54. (source)

[iv] Nishiyama M., Hong K., Mikoshiba K., Poo M.M., Kato K. “Calcium stores regulate the polarity and input specificity of synaptic modification.” Nature. 2000 Nov 30;408(6812):584-8. (source)

[v] Siegel G., Agranoff B., Albers R., Molinoff P. Basic neurochemistry. New York: Raven Press; 1994.

[vi] Gamper N., Shapiro M.S. “Regulation of ion transport proteins by membrane phosphoinositides.” Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 2007 Dec;8(12):921-34. (source)

[vii] Rango M., Cogiamanian F., Marceglia S., Barberis B. “Myoinositol content in the human brain is modified by transcranial direct current stimulation in a matter of minutes: A 1H-MRS study” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Volume 60, Issue 4 October 2008 Pages 782–789 (source)

[viii] Eagen D.E., et. Al. “Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein Relates to Increased Cerebral Myoinositol Levels in Middle-Aged Adults” Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology. 2012; 2012: 120540. (source)

[ix] Nishiyama M., Hong K., Mikoshiba K., Poo M.M., Kato K. “Calcium stores regulate the polarity and input specificity of synaptic modification.” Nature. 2000 Nov 30;408(6812):584-8. (source)

[x] Mukai T., Kishi T., Matsuda Y., Iwata N. “A meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disorders.” Human Psychopharmacology. 2014 Jan;29(1):55-63 (source)

[xi] Rahman S., Neuman R.S. “Myo-inositol reduces serotonin (5-HT2) receptor induced homologous and heterologous desensitization.” Brain Research. 1993 Dec 24;631(2):349-51. (source)

[xii] Gianfranco C., Vittorio U., Silvia B., Francesco D. “Myo-inositol in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.” Human Psychopharmacology. 2011 Oct;26(7):526-30. (source)

[xiii] Ciranna L. “Serotonin as a Modulator of Glutamate- and GABA-Mediated Neurotransmission: Implications in Physiological Functions and in Pathology” Current Neuropharmacology. 2006 Apr; 4(2): 101–114. (source)

[xiv] Kofman O., Levin U. “Myo-inositol attenuates the enhancement of the serotonin syndrome by lithium.” Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1995 Mar;118(2):213-8. (source)

[xv] Herman-Sucharska I., Grzybek M., Grochowska A., Karcz P., Urbanik A. article in Polish “[Myoinositol trends in HMRS brain spectrum of patients with hepatic encephalopathy].” Przegl Lek. 2010;67(4):247-50. (source)

[xvi] Gelber D., Levine J., Belmaker R.H. “Effect of inositol on bulimia nervosa and binge eating.” International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 Apr;29(3):345-8. (source)

[xvii] Han W., et. Al. “The Chemopreventive Agent Myoinositol Inhibits Akt and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in Bronchial Lesions from Heavy Smokers” Cancer Prevention Research US National Library of Medicine 2013 Jul 18 (source)

[xviii] Calogero A.E., et. Al. “Myoinositol improves sperm parameters and serum reproductive hormones in patients with idiopathic infertility: a prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study” Andrology Volume 3, Issue 3 May 2015 Pages 491–495 (source)

[xix] Maeba R., Hara H., Ishikawa H., Hayashi S., Yoshimura N., Kusano J., Takeoka Y., Yasuda D., Okazaki T., Kinoshita M., Teramoto T. “Myo-inositol treatment increases serum plasmalogens and decreases small dense LDL, particularly in hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo). 2008 Jun;54(3):196-202. (source)

[xx] Inafuku M., Nagao K., Inafuku A., Yanagita T., Taira N., Toda T., Oku H. “Dietary phosphatidylinositol protects C57BL/6 mice from concanavalin A-induced liver injury by modulating immune cell functions.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2013 Sep;57(9):1671-9 (source)

[xxi] Fortis-Barrera Á., Alarcón-Aguilar F.J., Banderas-Dorantes T., Díaz-Flores M., Román-Ramos R., Cruz M., García-Macedo R. “Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae) and D-chiro-inositol modulate the redox state and inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013 Oct;65(10):1563-76 (source)

[xxii] Hada B., Yoo M.R., Seong K.M., Jin Y.W., Myeong H.K., Min K.J. “D-chiro-inositol and pinitol extend the life span of Drosophila melanogaster.” Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2013 Mar;68(3):226-34. (source)

[xxiii] Palatnik A., Frolov K., Fux M., Benjamin J. “Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 Jun;21(3):335-9. (source)

[xxiv] Levine J., Barak Y., Gonzalves M., Szor H., Elizur A., Kofman O., Belmaker R.H. “Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression.” American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):792-4. (source)

[xxv] Carlomagno G., Unfer F., Buffo S., D’Ambrosio F. “Myo-inositol in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder” Human Psychopharmacology Volume 26, Issue 7 October 2011 Pages 526–530 (source)

[xxvi] Fux M., Levine J., Aviv A., Belmaker R.H. “Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.” American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1219-21. (source)

 

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About David Tomen

David has been researching nootropics and brain optimization for over 10 years. When he's not writing about nootropics, he's travelling the world (45 countries so far), sailing, diving, studying neuroscience or sitting under an umbrella on Miami Beach. More...

Comments

  1. Avatar for TaniaTania says

    November 22, 2020 at 7:29 am

    Hi David, I have a 12 year old who has always struggled with emotional regulation. In particular the moment he feels threatened/worried he will become angry. It has become increasingly obvious he is very anxious – he is refusing to go to school, unmotivated, moody, aggressive. Is inositol safe for him to take? Is 3 gram too much? Or should I be looking elsewhere?

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      November 23, 2020 at 10:58 am

      Tania, Inositol should be safe but I suggests starting with a much lower dose first. Something like 1 gram per day. Possibly split into two 500 mg doses.

      The symptoms you are describing sound ba lot like ADHD. I highly recommend that you get a really good psychiatrist to confirm this. Or if it’s something else.

      Please do NOT wait. I wasn’t diagnosed Adult ADD until much later in life. I wonder how my life and career would have been different if this diagnosis had come much earlier. But my parents didn’t know.

      Reply
    • Avatar for DominicDominic says

      December 23, 2020 at 5:35 pm

      Tried to contact you by email for a one 2 one. But kept failing.

      Wanted to discuss getting a perfect stack for learning and focus.

      Reply
      • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

        December 24, 2020 at 10:00 am

        Dominic, are you asking Tania for advice. Or would you like me to make some suggestions?

        Reply
  2. Avatar for DanielDaniel says

    October 12, 2020 at 1:49 am

    Hi Dave, would you know of any reason that I can’t tolerate inositol? Even at 1g spread throughout the day, it gives me heart palpitations, nerve pain, and a flushed appearance similar to niacin.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      October 13, 2020 at 3:28 pm

      Daniel, are you or have you been diagnosed with bipolar or bipolar-spectrum disorder? That is one possibility.

      If not that, remember that Inositol helps boost serotonin and dopamine receptor density. Which improves the effectiveness of serotonin, GABA, glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitters in your brain. You could be causing an imbalance of one of those neurotransmitters.

      Reply
    • Avatar for Janet MerrickJanet Merrick says

      November 6, 2020 at 11:03 am

      Hi Daniel – I have Parkinson’s and have had the same response – so severe that I went to the hospital. It definitely affected the efficacy of my dopamine replacement medication – carbidopa/levodopa.

      Reply
  3. Avatar for BobBob says

    August 14, 2020 at 4:52 am

    You have mentioned several times that Inositol helps boost serotonin and dopamine receptor density.
    Do you have a reference for this?
    I tried googling it but got millions of results and didn’t have much luck confirming it or finding out how this happens.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      August 14, 2020 at 12:34 pm

      Bob, it’s here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223426567_Chronic_inositol_increases_striatal_D2_receptors_but_does_not_modify_dexamphetamine-induced_motor_behavior_Relevance_to_obsessive-compulsive_disorder

      Reply
      • Avatar for BobBob says

        August 16, 2020 at 11:48 pm

        Thanks for the link
        Though it seems to be mostly Dopamine D2 receptors with a “slight, albeit insignificant” increase in serotonin 5HT2 receptors.

        Reply
  4. Avatar for HakanHakan says

    July 30, 2020 at 5:10 pm

    Hi David,

    Again a great article! I decided to add inositol to my stack. As you may know i couldn’t find alpha gpc or citicoline in my country, so i am still searching for it.

    So will using lecithin, replace the need of inositol and citicoline? How much inositol and choline does lecithin contain?

    Also which lecithin form would you recommend?

    Thanks

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      July 30, 2020 at 6:08 pm

      Hakan, lecithin will NOT do it. No matter what the supplement companies say. See if you can find some other source of choline. Like choline citrate or choline bitartrate. Either of those would be better than lecithin.

      Reply
      • Avatar for HakanHakan says

        July 31, 2020 at 3:34 pm

        Oh ok. I can only find choline chloride so it is not useful right?

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          August 1, 2020 at 12:39 pm

          Hakan, I personally would not take the chance. Because choline chloride is sold as an industrial chemical. And there is a high chance that it is contaminated with heavy metals.

          Reply
  5. Avatar for AnaAna says

    July 7, 2020 at 4:48 pm

    Hi David,
    Thanks for the post. I’ve been reading a lot about inositol lately and everything makes sense in terms of its brain effects. The only thing I’m having problems to understand is how supplements affect the brain since inositol doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier (I could be wrong on that). I was wondering if you knew anything about this.
    Thanks,
    Ana

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      July 8, 2020 at 2:11 pm

      Ana, who told you that inositol can’t cross the blood-brain barrier? I have a couple dozen clinical studies linked throughout this review showing how inositol benefit brain health. The most effective form for cognitive health is Myo-Inositol.

      Reply
  6. Avatar for PavithraPavithra says

    May 16, 2020 at 6:22 am

    Hi David,
    I have been suffering from severe OCD and I am currently in a very debilitating condition where I am just stuck to my room and avoid going elsewhere.
    I just wanted to know which is the safe brand of inositol powder available in India? By safe I mean that has no added preservatives and other alternative content. I am very paranoid about this. Also, is there any other good supplement to add with this for OCD alongside iron deficiency.
    Any lead is much appreciated.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      May 16, 2020 at 11:05 am

      Pavithra, I’m not familiar with the dietary supplement market in India. So cannot provide a recommended vendor or brand. Hopefully, someone else from India comes across this comment and will be able to help you.

      But I did write a piece on 7 Tips for Choosing the Highest Quality Nootropic Supplements which you will find here: https://nootropicsexpert.com/7-tips-for-choosing-the-highest-quality-nootropic-supplements/. I hope those tips can help you better read a label so you can wisely choose the best Inositol supplement in India.

      Reply
    • Avatar for Amy WiggansAmy Wiggans says

      June 5, 2020 at 10:47 pm

      I take inositol from a company called True Hope. They specialize in supplements for mental health, and you could order from their website. I also take a multi-vitamin called EMP which is amazing. It has 36 vitamins and minerals for optimum brain health. My mom takes inositol for her OCD and anxiety, and finds it helps a lot. I give it to my kids if they are having trouble falling asleep, sometimes worrying or scared. All the best!

      Reply
  7. Avatar for ChrisChris says

    April 25, 2020 at 6:42 am

    Hi David,

    Are there are any safety concerns regarding usage of 1 mg myo inositol long term? Should I make pause between bottles or I can take it every day at such doses without a problem?

    I have a mild side effects like it makes me a bit less concentrated and small headache sometimes, but it calms my anxiety a lot, so I don’t want to switch it.
    I am taking it for 2 months.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      April 25, 2020 at 3:49 pm

      Chris, the recommended dosage for myo-inositol is up to 3 grams per day. 2,000 mg per day is more common. Not sure you’ll get much benefit from 1 mg of myo-inositol. But if that is what you mean I don’t see any harm in using it daily forever.

      Reply
      • Avatar for ChrisChris says

        April 26, 2020 at 8:02 am

        I see. Usually I benefit from most of the nootropics on a lower than recommended dosage, not sure why.

        Thanks for the answer.

        Reply
  8. Avatar for KellyKelly says

    March 29, 2020 at 7:37 pm

    Hi again David,

    This may have been the article I was looking for! I remember trying this supplement before. I have been having tons of paralyzing anxiety/OCD/panic. My Dr started me on 5mg buspirone 3x/day. Although it took the edge off a bit, it is giving me extremely dry mouth and insomnia. After telling my Dr, she said she would like to take away my nighttime dose and substitute it with Hydroxyzine (kept me up all night and gave me the shakes the next day), Gabapentin (worked for a night, but don’t want to take it consistently), or Lunesta (makes me a bit nervous with sleep walking/driving reports). She also wants me to start taking Zoloft. This is why I’m not a huge fan of antidepressants. You end up taking a bunch of meds in the end. THen there’s the terrifying seratonin syndrome, which from what I’ve read buspirone and zoloft together raise the risk of! From what this article says, seratonin syndrome should not be a concern with this at all, correct?

    Also, do you know if there are other supplements/meds to be avoided while taking this? Then only meds I’m on aside of this new mix is Levoxyl and Prometrium.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      March 30, 2020 at 11:37 am

      Kelly, my research showed that you can use myo-inositol with antidepressants without a problem and they may even work better. In fact, one researcher found that you can counter serotonin syndrome by combining myo-inositol with lithium orotate.

      Best place I’ve found for drug interactions, which I suggest you bookmark, was started by a couple of New Zealand pharmacists which you’ll find here: https://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html

      Reply
      • Avatar for KellyKelly says

        March 30, 2020 at 11:43 am

        Thank you for your response! I have ip6 gold (not sure if you are at all familiar with that brand) that I ordered around 2-3 years ago, but amazingly doesn’t expire until next month. I will give it a try. I do use drugs.com often, but sometimes it doesn’t show all interactions with supplements.

        Reply
  9. Avatar for DaveDave says

    March 22, 2020 at 8:10 am

    Hello David,

    Thanks for the information you shared on the website. It’s really useful.
    I’ve been using Inositol 500 mg/1g for nearly a month and it’s seems to be really good for my anxiety/OCD.

    The problem with it is that if I take it alone, my mood goes very low/dull/depressive.
    If I stack it with NAC (500 mg, 1 time per day) and/or 5-HTP (25 mg, 1 time per day), it’s a bit better.

    Do you think that this might be related to the concrete brand/type of Inositol?
    I am using Nature’s Way Inositol (which is advertised as a Crystalline Inositol). I saw many suggestion about Jarrow Formulas Inositol recently, so I am not sure whether it’s suitable to switch it.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      March 22, 2020 at 3:32 pm

      Dave, never heard of “Crystalline inositol”. There are different versions of inositol and myo-Inositol is typically used for nootropic benefit. The side effects you mention usually only happen with very high doses of this nootropic. No idea why a small dose of 5-HTP would make a difference.

      Sometimes it’s difficult to figure out what ‘type’ of inositol is in a bottle. Jarrow for example has a version that states in big letters on the front label “Inositol”. But when you dig around for more information you find out it’s myo-Inositol.

      There are a few studies and some user reports that inositol reduces testosterone levels. Maybe that’s what’s happening with you. But I think this is worth exploring because of clear evidence showing clear benefits for symptoms of OCD.

      Reply
      • Avatar for DaveDave says

        March 23, 2020 at 4:13 am

        David, Thanks for the information.

        It might be testosterone, as after an intensive walk the mood is slightly boosted.
        I’ve tested my testosterone levels before taking inositol and they were fine.

        Do you think that these doses 500 mg/1 mg can cause a fertility problems in men?
        Also, do you have any suggestions about an Inositol brand?

        Thanks again.

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          March 23, 2020 at 2:30 pm

          Dave, inositol “re-balanced” follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in infertile males under 45 yrs. old. In this case it increase sperm count. But the word “re-balanced” is a little suspicious I think. To me it just means it affects male hormones. And results may vary between guys. But only some men report a loss of libido when using inositol. I didn’t and use this one: https://amzn.to/2WJD6lH

          Reply
          • Avatar for DaveDave says

            March 24, 2020 at 5:26 am

            Thanks, David! I will check it.

      • Avatar for SvetoslavSvetoslav says

        April 8, 2020 at 8:48 am

        Hi David,

        I am replying to this comment as it’s reference to your suspicion regarding testosterone levels drop.

        I’ve tested mine and compared to a month ago, when my levels were 22 nmol/l before Inositol, they’ve dropped to 18.4 nmol/l.
        Reference values – min 7.58 nmol/l – max 31.4 nmol/l.

        Not sure whether that’s a much of a drop after a more than month of usage. Dosage pretty much vary between 750 mg – 1000 mg per day.

        I’ve also tried Choline as an addition to see whether that dull/low/depressive/foggy mood will disappear, but Choline gaves me more anxiety after two doses of 150 mg.

        It seems that it’s not brand related as I switched from Natures Way to Jarrow formulas and it’s pretty much the same.

        Do you think that it’s worth to add an additional testosterone boost supplement to Inositol or I should look for the reason behind this strange ‘effect’ elsewhere?

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          April 23, 2020 at 2:18 pm

          Svetoslav, I would just avoid Inositol altogether because it sounds like you are one of the people who react negatively to it. Do you know what your total testosterone levels are?

          Reply
  10. Avatar for nootronautnootronaut says

    January 14, 2020 at 9:29 pm

    Hi, David.

    First of all, thank you for this website and the time you’ve taken to share your knowledge with the world. You’ve changed many peoples’ lives for the better.

    I want to know if you can give me a bit of feedback on the things I’ve been taking. I suffer from depression, anxiety, insomnia, chronic pain, stress…you name it. Brain fog. OCD. Fatigue. Difficulty concentrating and memory issues. Disorientation. (I know, it sounds like I’m a hypochondriac).

    I was prescribed SSRI’s, adderall, and gabapentin, but opted not to take them because I don’t want to go develop a life-long dependency on that heavy stuff. I’m 32 years old.

    I’m taking the following:

    Rhodiola (1x a day, capsule, 300mg)
    B1 sulbutiamine (2x a day, capsule, 600mg)
    L-Theanine (2x a day, capsule, 400mg)
    Gingseng (2x a day, capsule, 1000mg)
    Turmeric Curcumin (3x a day, capsule, 1500mg)
    Magnesium L Threonate (2x a day, capsule, 2000mg)
    Pine Bark (3x a day, capsule, 1500mg)
    Milk Thistle Seed Extract (1x a day, capsule, 175mg)

    Maca (2g a day, powder)
    Inositol B8 (2g a day, powder, 3x a day)
    Bacopa Monnieri (powder, 1x a day)
    Lion’s Mane (500mg, powder, 3x a day)
    Ginko Biloba (250mg, powder, 3x a day)

    I started on Kava but stopped because I am afraid it might be too much for my liver.

    Any thoughts are appreciated.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      January 16, 2020 at 10:38 am

      Bernard, it looks like you are on the right track. But it really depends on the cause of each of your symptoms. Which is not easy to determine unless you do some experimenting.

      For example, I explain the process of trial and error in the post on nootropics for social anxiety. And using the process of elimination by going through each of the neurotransmitter precursors to see if any of them are the issue: https://nootropicsexpert.com/best-nootropics-for-social-anxiety/

      On the other hand, in my writing on depression I suggest a different approach. And that is address each of the issues that could cause depression. Including neurogenesis, neurotransmitters, other meds, or stress: https://nootropicsexpert.com/best-nootropics-for-depression/

      I suggest choosing one approach or method and work through it step by step. And see if you can get to the bottom of what is causing your symptoms.

      Right now you’re using a ‘shotgun’ approach and hoping for the best. Unless I a missing your strategy here …

      Reply
  11. Avatar for MeghanMeghan says

    January 13, 2020 at 11:49 am

    I have heard from a dietician that taking Inositol in conjunction with Vitamin D can help with depression/depressed moods, is there evidence of this being a power-duo?

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      January 13, 2020 at 2:56 pm

      Meghan, I’m not currently aware of a specific study using this combo. But it makes sense because there is plenty of evidence that each of these helps alleviate the symptoms of depression.

      Reply
  12. Avatar for Dawn PeachDawn Peach says

    November 15, 2019 at 3:07 am

    Hello David, I have found this all very interesting to read. I have suffered with anxiety and depression for many years on and off. I took Celexa for about 5 years and unfortunately stopped that cold turkey as I felt it wasn’t doing me any good any more, although it had. I had also hit post-menopause and I sank into a terrible black pit but was suffering some other major stresses in my life. I could’nt sleep, was tired but wired, anxious, depressed, felt like i was dying. I was prescribed Effexor XR and Benzos (to hep with sleep for a little while) in 2010. I was defficient in Zinc, and tests at Naturopath revealed Adrenal Fatigue, plus multi nodule thyroid goitre (though thyroid test always within range). Took Effexor for a couple of years then came off but symptoms returned. Have been back on for 4 years and am now on the lowest dose. Can I try Inositol with low dose Effexor? Many thanks.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      November 15, 2019 at 3:42 pm

      Dawn, I feel sorry for what you’ve put your poor brain through by quitting these things cold turkey. Then trying something else. Ouch!

      Effexor is classified as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). And Inositol can help increase the density of serotonin and dopamine receptors in your brain. So it may support the way Effexor works and may possibly even make it work better than the drug on its own.

      Reply
  13. Avatar for AlexaAlexa says

    October 2, 2019 at 5:30 pm

    Hello. What do you think about this?

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25341532

    Increased myo-inositol level in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in migraine patients with major depression.

    If inositol can help depression, why does it show that it’s increased in migraine patients with major depression?

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      October 3, 2019 at 3:22 pm

      Alexa, this is getting into an area of neuroscience that’s beyond my level of understanding. So far at least. It appears in this study that inositol just happens to be present in this small brain region in those who suffer migraines and may have major depressive disorder. But it doesn’t discount the fact that inositol helps those with depression.

      Reply
  14. Avatar for MatthewMatthew says

    September 28, 2019 at 11:53 am

    Hi David,

    I was wondering if it would be possible to take inositol and tryptophan in the same day?
    Also, what would you recommend if you experience low libido while taking inositol?

    Thank you!
    Matthew

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      September 28, 2019 at 12:21 pm

      Matthew, you can safely combine Inositol with SSRIs so should be OK with L-Tryptophan. It increases serotonin receptor density but not serotonin itself.

      And studies have shown and neurohackers verify that Inositol supplementation may reduce testosterone levels and libido. Mostly in women but some men report this as well. If that’s a side effect you’d like to avoid then you shouldn’t use Inositol.

      Reply
      • Avatar for JohnJohn says

        December 30, 2020 at 6:07 am

        Hi David,

        I have added inositol to my stack for social anxiety and it does works wonders. I use it with gotukola amongst other racetams and it really helps relieve me of my anxiety. I feel normal and it’s a great feeling. The only issue is that it really lowers my libido. I was wondering if there was any other supplement that had a similar effect to inositol that you know of but doesn’t reduce sex drive?
        Thanks for all your help, John.

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          December 30, 2020 at 1:24 pm

          John, Inositol is unique in so many ways. There is nothing that I can directly compare it to. Effects on libido is a well known side effect of Inositol but does not happen to everyone who uses it.

          The only supplement that may help is SAM-e. It certainly is not a direct swap or replacement. But is the closest I can think of.

          Reply
          • Avatar for JohnJohn says

            December 30, 2020 at 11:42 pm

            Thanks for the feedback David. I’ve had SAMe in my stack before and it wasn’t very effective for me. Felt an almost burning over stimulating sensation.

            I suppose ill use the break to focus more on meditation , diet and exercise.

            Have a good one!

          • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

            December 31, 2020 at 5:11 pm

            John, let me know if you need any more help with anxiety. Because there are so many options available.

            I wish you the best as well.

  15. Avatar for DewayneDewayne says

    July 9, 2019 at 2:58 pm

    Hello David,

    How exactly does inositol interact with GABA and Glutamate? I’ve read somewhere that it lowers Glutamate levels. Can you please provide a little more clarity with this? Thank you

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      July 10, 2019 at 12:25 pm

      Dewayne, Inositol boosts the effectiveness of GABA and Glutamate already in your system. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430669/

      Reply
      • Avatar for DewayneDewayne says

        July 11, 2019 at 5:41 am

        Ok, would you happen to know of any supplements that could help lower glutamate? That was actually my intent behind my research on inositol.

        Thanks,
        Dewayne

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          July 11, 2019 at 4:38 pm

          Dewayne, the simple answer is GABA. But the long answer is best explained by Dr. Nancy Mullan in this post: http://www.rlcure.com/glutamate2.html

          Reply
  16. Avatar for Maureen A.Maureen A. says

    June 29, 2019 at 2:57 pm

    I have been taking 12 grams of inositol daily at bedtime as part of a treatment plan for anxiety and depression. (This has been with the blessing of my MD.) It has been helping, for sure. I don’t want to stay on such a high dose forever. Do you have ideas or places to read up on gently and slowly reducing dosage for anxiety/ depression? I need to cut my supplement expenses down, but I’m worried about symptoms getting worse if I go too fast.

    Thank you for any suggestions!

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      July 2, 2019 at 3:38 pm

      Maureen, most people notice the benefits of Inositol with 3 – 4 grams per day. Maybe with the blessing of your MD you could try reducing your dose by a couple of grams every week or so until you get down to that level.

      If you slowly and methodically reduce your dosage over time you’ll notice when you’re no longer getting the benefit. And will know to increase by a couple of grams if you need to.

      Reply
  17. Avatar for Hilal yurduseverHilal yurdusever says

    June 4, 2019 at 7:13 am

    Hi david.it was useful. I knew them before and I used inositol breastfeeding and work I was good. Butit didn’t work only when I changed the brand. then froze to the old brand and start working again. I was getting 15 g and I was fine but after a few months the ocd and panic froze back. I increased the dose of 18_20 gr made a sure gene good again after a few months. 18-20 g inositol also stopped working. and I did not leave inositol unfortunately. I cut the breastfeeding and started with fluoksetine dr advice. Why did inositol leave work? and would you recommend using ssri and inositol together? Or another advice for me. Thank you very much david

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      June 5, 2019 at 1:00 pm

      Hilal, 3 grams for day maximum is recommended for long-term use. I have no evidence of this but chances are you grew tolerant to Inositol at such high doses.

      There have been clinical trials that showed reasonable dosages of Inositol increased the efficacy of some antidepressants.

      Reply
  18. Avatar for BryBry says

    March 3, 2019 at 7:33 pm

    Hello. I have been suffering from OCD and intrusive thoughts for over 20 years on and off, mainly when I get stressed. A trigger. I was taking inositol for a few weeks and started to feel better but my doctor put me on 50mg of Sertraline HCL. It says on the Insitol container not to take it when taking a SSRI. Any reason why?

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      March 4, 2019 at 10:05 am

      Bry, likely because Sertraline is a SSRI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline#Pharmacology). And inositol boosts the density of serotonin receptors. Theoretically, the combination of the two could cause Serotonin Syndrome. But one study found that the combo of Inositol and Lithium prevented Serotonin Syndrome (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7617810).

      I suggest you get familiar with the symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome so you know what to watch out for. If you want to continue using Inositol, stack it with Lithium Orotate: https://nootropicsexpert.com/lithium-orotate/

      Reply
      • Avatar for KellyKelly says

        March 29, 2020 at 7:47 pm

        Hello,

        A bit confused…I thought that Inositol didn’t play a part in seratonin syndrome. Would one have to avoid cold meds, other supplements that affect seratonin, the occasional 1 or 2 glasses of wine with inositol just like with SSRIs?

        Reply
        • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

          March 30, 2020 at 11:39 am

          Kelly, see my other reply to your question. Inositol does not directly increase serotonin. It increases the density of serotonin receptors which helps make serotonin more effective.

          Reply
  19. Avatar for KevinKevin says

    October 25, 2018 at 3:11 pm

    Dude, thank you so much for this article. I have been working non-stop for the past 6 months experimenting with nootropics and other options to cure my mental illnesses.

    4 grams of sunflower lecithin last night provided me the relief I have been seeking for a long time. I combine that with 4 grams of glycine and I get incredibly wonderful sleep and actually sleep through the night.

    I have tried many experimental nootropics that always had some side effects, but the lecithin (inositol+choline), took care of almost all my symptoms in one fell swoop.

    I appreciate your insight here because it backs up nearly everything I was sending about this molecule.

    Thanks,

    Reply
  20. Avatar for hellohello says

    October 19, 2018 at 12:12 am

    Hello David,
    I see inositol works great for anxiety. Literally stop physical symptoms of anxiety and also some mental sysmptoms. But it makes me very tired. Do you know why ? What should I do about that tiredness ?
    Same thing L theanine calms me good but cause more urination with it and also tiredness (less than inositol). Inositol can make dull feeling all day. Any input will be appreciated. thanks.

    Reply
    • Avatar for David TomenDavid Tomen says

      October 21, 2018 at 9:48 am

      Inositol influences serotonin receptor sensitivity and affects glutamate and GABA. High levels of any of there neurotransmitters will likely cause fatigue.

      If you are getting your L-Theanine from green tea it could be that the low levels of caffeine are irritating your bladder.

      Reply
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