Aniracetam saves baby mice

Aniracetam

David Tomen
Author:
David Tomen
10 minute read
Aniracetam has been shown to relieve depression, boost learning & memory, improve verbal fluidity, increase music listening pleasure, and make you more social.

Aniracetam (1-p-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone) is a fat-soluble ampakine nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds. Aniracetam is up to 10-times more potent than the original racetam, Piracetam.

Aniracetam was patented by Swiss-based pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG in the 1978. It is similar in structure to Piracetam. Aniracetam, like all racetam nootropics, has a pyrrolidone nucleus at its core.

Aniracetam is sold as a prescription drug (Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, Sarpul) in Europe. And as a supplement in the United States.

A favorite racetam among the nootropics community. Neurohackers use Aniracetam to boost memory and learning. And to relieve anxiety, depression, stress, and improve sociability.[i]

Aniracetam helps:

  • Brain Optimization: Aniracetam significantly improves brain function after traumatic brain injury including stroke (ischemia).[ii] And enhances your brain’s ability to repair damaged cell membranes.
  • Neurotransmitters: Aniracetam reduces the desensitization of glutamate (AMPA) receptors in your brain. Which boosts neural signaling by increasing the effectiveness of glutamate. Resulting in better focus and concentration.[iii]
  • Brain Energy: Aniracetam improves memory and recall. It releases 200 – 300% more acetylcholine in the brain. Which can increase focus, and clarity of thought.[iv]

Overview

Aniracetam
Aniracetam

Aniracetam is in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a fat-soluble ampakine nootropic. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain.[v]

The racetam-class of nootropics have a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core. And Aniracetam is a Cholinergic compound, meaning it affects acetylcholine levels in the brain.

Aniracetam is sold as a prescription drug in Europe and some of Asia under the names Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, and Sarpul. It is sold as an over-the-counter, unrestricted compound in the United States. But not as a dietary supplement.

One of the original synthetic nootropic compounds, it is known as a cognitive enhancer. And is known for its anxiolytic, or anti-anxiety effects.

Aniracetam is considered to be up to 10-times more potent than Piracetam. As an ampakine nootropic, it helps increase attention span, alertness and boosts memory.

Ampakines tend to have a stimulant effect. But do not produce the same stimulant side effects as Ritalin or coffee from prolonged use.

Reach your potential with Aniracetam

Aniracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?

Swiss-based pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG developed Aniracetam in the late 1970’s as a derivative of Piracetam.

Aniracetam is fat-soluble while Piracetam is water-soluble. Fat-soluble molecules cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than water-soluble molecules.

Aniracetam works faster in the brain after taking it than Piracetam because of its superior bioavailability to the brain. But its effects don’t last as long as Piracetam.

Aniracetam vs. Piracetam - counter-intuitiveThe potency of Aniracetam seems almost counter-intuitive. Because most of an Aniracetam dose is lost in the liver during digestion. Only 0.2% or the original dose is available to the brain.[vi] Piracetam is nearly 100% bioavailable.[vii]

Both Aniracetam and Piracetam are cognitive enhancers. And both have neuroprotective qualities. Both racetams are able to improve learning and memory. And both are able to repair brain damage.

Aniracetam has additional benefits not shared with Piracetam. Aniracetam can reduce anxiety, depression and fear. And increase sociability.[viii] This may indicate its effects on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.

How does Aniracetam Work in the Brain?

Aniracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.

  1. Aniracetam modulates AMPA receptors in the brain. The main metabolite of Aniracetam (70-80%) is N-anisoyl-GABA and is responsible for many of its effects.

2-Pyrrolidinone and p-anisilic acid are additional metabolites of the drug (20-30%), both of which are also active.[ix]

The main function of these metabolites is on the glutamate system in the brain. It reduces the desensitization of glutamate receptors. This causes the neurotransmitter glutamate to become more available in the brain.

More glutamate means better cognition and memory. And neural protection and repair due to brain injury.

  1. Aniracetam also seems to affect dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. Leading to improved mood and sociability.

One study published in the European Journal of Pharmacology demonstrated the anti-anxiety effects of Aniracetam. Researchers tracked the brain pathways in mice showing Aniracetam’s mechanism of action.[x] Illustrating the effect on dopamine and serotonin.

Aniracetam boosts dopamine and serotonin

How things go bad

Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. While GABA has a calming effect, glutamate stimulates. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

But glutamate is actually toxic to neurons. And too much of it in your brain can kill brain cells. Lou Gehrig’s Disease for example, is caused by excess glutamate.

But glutamate is a pivotal neurotransmitter in the brain. It links the brain circuits involved in memory, learning and perception.

↑ Too much glutamate can kill neurons

↓ Too little glutamate can cause problems with memory, learning and perception

↓ Acetylcholine levels decline

All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.College student needs aniracetam

So Aniracetam can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and controlling glutamate in the brain.

Aniracetam benefits

Aniracetam modulates AMPA receptors which are involved in how glutamate is used in your brain. More of the neurotransmitter glutamate is available. Which means better neural signaling across synapses. Your brain is working optimally despite stress, fatigue and anxiety.

There is anecdotal evidence that Aniracetam boosts communication between left and right brain hemispheres. You become more creative. And are prone to making innovative and resourceful decisions.

Aniracetam combined with choline boosts the production of the crucial neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Improving memory, recall and focus.

Aniracetam is fat-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.

Aniracetam boosts acetylcholine so you should add a good choline source. Try Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline with Aniracetam. And give your brain the choline it needs.

How does Aniracetam feel?

Nootropics users report:

  • Aniracetam as a study aid. On its own, Aniracetam seems to increase attention span for many neurohackers. And when combined with caffeine, many report being able to work effortlessly for hours on end.
  • Aniracetam helps music sound fuller and richerIncreased auditory perception. If you love music, Aniracetam can take you deeper into your listening experience. Minute details like background guitars, and other auditory effects come alive. Every instrument becomes part of the sound stage.
  • Increased visual acuity. The visual effects of Aniracetam feel like your brain is processing a broader spectrum of what’s in your visual range. Nature and your surroundings look more vibrant and beautiful.
  • Sociability. Many users report being able to articulate thoughts, and improved speaking ability. Language and your vocabulary seem to flow effortlessly. Thoughts and ideas come with less effort.

You should be able to experience the effects of Aniracetam soon after you take it. It’s fat-soluble so it’s digested and enters your cells quickly.  A 750 mg dose of Aniracetam should last for several hours.  And unlike other stimulants, there is no “crash” once Aniracetam leaves your system.

Aniracetam Clinical Research

Researchers worked with 276 patients with cognitive disorders. They were given Aniracetam and tested at 3, 6 and 12 months.

Improved emotional states and better motor functionality was observed within 3 months. A boost in cognitive performance was observed within 6 months.

Findings concluded Aniracetam “is a promising option for patients with cognitive deficit” disorders. Improvements held throughout the 12-month study. And there was a favorable effect on emotional stability in patients with dementia.[xi]

Aniracetam as an Antidepressant

A study published in Psychopharmacology in 2001 showed Aniracetam helped stimulate the release of dopamine.  The study reported Aniracetam as effective against depression caused by age-related brain dysfunction.[xii]

Aniracetam Improves Learning & Memory

Researchers put rats and mice through six scenarios. From drug-induced memory loss to electric shock avoidance, while administering Aniracetam. The results of all tests conclusively showed Aniracetam improving cognitive function. It didn’t matter what they put these animals through. Learning and memory improved with the use of Aniracetam.[xiii]

Aniracetam Repairs Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

We’re exposed to toxins everywhere we go. And in everything we do during our day. This toxin exposure wreaks havoc in our body, including our brain.

In this study, scientists showed one way to repair damage to synaptic transmission in the brain. They exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to ethanol and a saccharin-like sweetener. Pups born to these female rats would normally be extremely cognitively Aniracetam saves baby miceimpaired. Just like babies born to alcoholic mothers.

In this study, the pups born with fetal alcohol syndrome were treated with Aniracetam 18 and 27 days after birth. Aniracetam completely restored synaptic transmissions in their brains. And reversed any cognitive deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.[xiv]

Aniracetam Dosage

Recommended Aniracetam dosage is 1,500 mg per day. Taken in two 750 mg doses. One Aniracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon.

A 750 mg dose of Aniracetam taken in the morning will last until noon. And a noon 750 mg dose of Aniracetam should last until about mid-afternoon.

Aniracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.

Since Aniracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic, you should take it with a meal containing healthy fats. Or with a tablespoon of unrefined coconut oil, or extra virgin olive oil. My preferred healthy fat is a tablespoon of the new organic, non-GMO Performance Lab® MCT Oil.

Aniracetam Side Effects

Aniracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.

Side effects are rare but can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, nervousness and nausea. Side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.

Headaches from using Aniracetam typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in your brain.

Where to Buy Aniracetam

Aniracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.

You can buy Aniracetam from Smart Nutrition – Aniracetam in capsules. Or from Science.bio – Aniracetam  for tubs of powder.

In Europe and some other countries around the world, Aniracetam is a prescription drug. And sold under the brand names Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, and Sarpul.

Nootropics Expert Recommendation

Aniracetam 1,500 mg per day

Nootropics Expert Tested and ApprovedI recommend using Aniracetam as a nootropic supplement.

Your body does not make Aniracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.

Aniracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from depression. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the symptoms associated with depression. This nootropic helps boost the activity of dopamine and serotonin in your brain.

Personally, I’ve found Aniracetam to be more effective (and safer) than any prescription anti-depressant I’ve ever tried.

Aniracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory. My experience using Aniracetam shows it helps boost study scores, workflow, learning and memory.

Aniracetam also helps improve verbal fluidity and sociability. Words seem to come easily, and vocabulary you didn’t know you had access to come into play.

Music sounds richer and fuller, and your listening experience enters a new level of music appreciation.

You should use Aniracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in your brain.

You can safely boost daily intake of Aniracetam to 3,000 mg. if needed.

You can buy Aniracetam from Smart Nutrition – Aniracetam in capsules. Or from Science.bio – Aniracetam  for tubs of powder.

And don’t forget that Aniracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic. So must be taken with a healthy fat for best results. My preferred healthy fat is a tablespoon of the new organic, non-GMO Performance Lab® MCT Oil.

As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This post may also contain other affiliate links and I will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on my links.

[i] Malykh A.G., Sadaie M.R. “Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders.” Drugs. 2010 Feb 12;70(3):287-312. (source)

[ii] Gabryel B., Chalimoniuk M., Małecki A., Strosznajder J. “Effect of aniracetam on phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha in cytosolic and plasma membrane fractions of astrocytes subjected to simulated ischemia in vitro.” Pharmacological Reports 2005 Sep-Oct;57(5):664-9. (source)

[iii] Isaacson J.S., Nicoll R. A. “Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America vol. 88, pp. 10936-10940, December 1991 (source)

[iv] Zhao X., Kuryatov A., Lindstrom J.M., Yeh J.Z., Narahashi T. “Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons.” Molecular Pharmacology 2001 Apr;59(4):674-83. (source)

[v] Purves D., Augustine G.J., Fitzpatrick D., et al., editors. “Glutamate Receptors” Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. (source)

[vi] Roncan G. “Human Pharmacokinetics of Aniracetam” Springer – Drug Investigation June 1993, Volume 5, Supplement 1, pp 68-72 (source)

[vii] Gouliaev A.H., Senning A., “Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics” Brain Research Reviews 19 (1994) 180-222 (source)

[viii] Nakamura K. “Aniracetam: Its Novel Therapeutic Potential in Cerebral Dysfunctional Disorders Based on Recent Pharmacological Discoveries” CNS Drug Reviews 2002 Neva Press, Branford, Connecticut Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 70–89 (source)

[ix] Testa B., Mayer J.M. (1 August 2003). Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-3-906390-25-3.

[x] Nakamura K., Kurasawa M. “Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism.” European Journal of Pharmacology 2001 May 18;420(1):33-43. (source)

[xi] Koliaki C.C., Messini C., Tsolaki M. “Clinical Efficacy of Aniracetam, Either as Monotherapy or Combined with Cholinesterase Inhibitors, in Patients with Cognitive Impairment: A Comparative Open Study” CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Volume 18, Issue 4, pages 302–312, April 2012 (source)

[xii] Nakamura K, Tanaka Y. “Antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and its mode of action.” Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 2001 Nov;158(2):205-12. (source)

[xiii] Cumin R., Bandle E.F., Gamzu E., Haefely W.E. “Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents.” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1982;78(2):104-11. (source)

[xiv] Wijayawardhane .1, Shonesy B.C., Vaglenova J., Vaithianathan T., Carpenter M., Breese C.R., Dityatev A., Suppiramaniam V. “Postnatal aniracetam treatment improves prenatal ethanol induced attenuation of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission.” Neurobiology of Disease 2007 Jun;26(3):696-706. (source)

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Join The Discussion - 478 comments

Manuel
March 29, 2022

Hi David! Any news regarding re-stock of Aniracetam or other Racetams? I’ve yet to find a vendor that has any of them in stock. Do you have any news regarding this situation or should we be thinking about the possibility of not having access to buying them in the future due to new FDA reguations? This is really starting to be worrisome. It’s the first time that Aniracetam has been out of stock for this amount of time with all vendors. Thanks in advance.

    David Tomen
    March 29, 2022

    Manuel, I do not have any news yet and it is worrisome. I’ve been using Aniracetam twice daily for many years and it is one of my favorite supplements. Please let me know if you find anything. I’m recruiting as many people as I can for this search.

      Manuel
      April 11, 2022

      I find it interesting that none of the Racetams are in stock currently, and it is worrisome, however, noopept can still be found in Nootropics depot and Pure nootropics. It’s the only “nootropic” still available that could be considered the closest to the Racetam family. Do you have a theory for this? I’m even considering substituting noopept for aniracetam if we don’t have access to Racetams in the near or far future. And maybe they”ll take off Noopept off the table as well soon. Who knows… Would you consider this substitution yourself or would you say its not worth it? Thanks again.

        David Tomen
        April 11, 2022

        Manuel, a few suppliers were threatened by the FDA and it scared every other supplier. So we’ll see if someone will be brave enough to stand up to the FDA.

Christa
March 21, 2022

Hi David,

I was wondering if there are any replacements for aniracetam? I have been dealing with depression for a long time(years) and was happy to read your article on aniracetam. Please help. And thank you very much for all you do

    David Tomen
    March 23, 2022

    Christa, there is no direct replacement for Aniracetam unfortunately. But this racetam improves the effectiveness of acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin. So you may want tot try using L-Tyrosine for dopamine, CDP-Choline and ALCAR for acetylcholine. And use L-Tryptophan for serotonin about 60 minutes before you go to bed.

Jose
March 14, 2022

Hello David,

I’ve seen some articles showing that PubChem has a H361 warning on aniracetam suspecting that it can damage fertility. Have you seen or heard anything about this?

Thanks!

    David Tomen
    March 14, 2022

    Jose, I have not seen anything re. Aniracetam and fertility. If you have seen clinical studies regarding this please provide links to them here.

Adam
March 11, 2022

Hi David

I’ve been using Phenibut once a week for about a year, often times once every 2 weeks. Last week I dosed higher than usual, and twice in one week. 1 week later, I notice I’m still very anxious, have somewhat an impending sense of doom, and unable to sleep with nightmares. After reading up on Phenibut usage I realized my glutamate levels are probably too high.

I’m planning on taking NAC tomorrow to regulate my glutamate and see if it helps me. However, I recently ordered Aniracetam to replace Phenibut for anxiety and motivational uses. My question is – will Aniracetam bring me back to a poor mental state because of it’s GABA interaction?

I am desperate for assistance and I would like to try Aniracetam but id like to know if it will be poor for my mental state.

    David Tomen
    March 13, 2022

    Adam, Aniracetam does NOT work on or affect anything in the GABA pathway. I think people make the mistake of thinking the racetams act on GABA because they are a GABA derivative. But they do not tough GABA in any way.

Ryan
March 11, 2022

Hi David,

I had been struggling with depression, anxiety, and hypersomnia for most of my adult life–starting around 20 years old. I muddled through the last 20 years, trying various prescription antidepressants, taking sleep studies, going through therapists and doctors to try and find anyone who could help, and spending thousand and thousands of dollars looking for a solution. I haven’t been able to work a full-time job, and relationships with family and friends have been strained. Life was nearly unbearable and although I was never suicidal, I lost interest in most things.
Through it all though, I managed to make all the positive changes looking for an answer. I eat healthy, quite drinking or taking any drugs, work out multiple times a week, meditate, and practice good sleep hygiene. Still, I struggled to feel good, have a decent night’s sleep, and not be chronically fatigued and stressed.
Aniracetam changed all of that. I started using nootropics for brain fog, depression, and to increase mental clarity and focus. But aniracetam specifically lifted the veil of darkness I was stuck under. I never felt “sped up” or “high”, just like a normal human being again. It gave me a life I thought I’d never see again. I sleep comfortably every night. For me, it has been a miraculous discovery but I am afraid of overselling it. It just works perfectly for my situation. And my poor mother has the same affliction–diabetes caused in part by the depression and anhedonia. Constant stress and chronic fatigue. She has been dealing with chronic stress for nearly 50 years, with no solution. Her life is a massive struggle. We were getting ready to start her regiment of aniracetam and hopefully change her situation.
Now I found out we no longer have access to it in the U.S. This is soul crushing. We finally have found a solution only to have it ripped away from our grasp at the last second. What can we do? Is it possible to get the prescription form from Europe here through a doctor in the U.S.? Please, any help would be greatly appreciated. And thanks for all the information you put on here, it is invaluable.

    David Tomen
    March 11, 2022

    Ryan, it upset me too but for now you should still be able to get Aniracetam from Nootropics Depot.

      Ryan
      March 13, 2022

      They are all gone. Unless they all happen to be out at the same time, it looks like they may be gone for a while…

        David Tomen
        March 14, 2022

        Ryan, that is a problem. Please let me know if you find it any place else or they get it back in stock. Have you reached out to Nootropics Depot and asked them if they are getting any in the future?

        Ryan
        March 14, 2022

        I am going to contact them. But yes, all the racetams are “out of stock” currently.

        David Tomen
        March 14, 2022

        Let me know if you find out anything Ryan. Including another source if find it please. It will help the entire community.

        Ryan
        March 15, 2022

        Their reply was, “Thank you for reaching out to us. Unfortunately, we do not have a restock date available for the Aniracetam or any other racetams at this time. We do apologize for any inconvenience.”
        And as to why they are out of stock, “Our Racetams are just currently out of stock. Unfortunately, our team has no further information on the matter at this time. Sorry for any inconvenience with this.”
        They did say they will be sending out emails when it is back in, but that doesn’t offer us much information.

        David Tomen
        March 17, 2022

        Ryan, thank you for reporting back.

        I did a search a couple of days ago for Aniracetam and could only find it available on chemical manufacturing sites which are primarily in China. Which is where these companies get their racetams from. They may be buying it from a wholesaler here in the USA but it comes from China. And with the supply chain issues going on because of COVID it’s not a big surprise.

Christine
March 8, 2022

Hi David,
Do you know if Aniracetam is being taken off the market or if it will reappear?
Do you have any suggestions what to use in it’s place if it is no longer available? I already take sulbutiamine.
Thank you,
Christine

    David Tomen
    March 10, 2022

    Christine, the FDA is cracking down on supplement vendors so a lot of companies stopped selling Aniracetam. The only company left in the USA that I know of that still sells Aniracetam is Nootropics Depot for which I do not have an affiliate account. I suggest Googling them and try their Aniracetam.

david
February 9, 2022

Hi David! Are there concerns when adding Aniracetam and AphaGPC at the same time as phosphatidylserine?

    David Tomen
    February 11, 2022

    David, exactly the opposite because Alpha GPC and PS work in synergy.

Andrew
February 6, 2022

David,

Is aniracetam with rhodiola rosea good for depression? Or what else I could stack with it? Mucuna pruriens maybe? Does phenylethylamine fit there?

    David Tomen
    February 7, 2022

    Andrew, it depends on the cause of the depression. I wrote an article on how to figure out if neurotransmitter dysfunction is a cause of anxiety or depression. And how to use trial and error to figure this out. You’ll find that article here: https://nootropicsexpert.com/best-nootropics-for-anxiety/

    Once you figure that out then look at the mechanism of action for Aniracetam, Rhodiola Rosea and Mucuna Pruriens. And compare that to what you found out by experimenting. Then it’s easier to decide which supplement may benefit your symptoms.

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